UTF8Encoding.cs source code in C# .NET

Source code for the .NET framework in C#

                        

Code:

/ FXUpdate3074 / FXUpdate3074 / 1.1 / untmp / whidbey / QFE / ndp / clr / src / BCL / System / Text / UTF8Encoding.cs / 3 / UTF8Encoding.cs

                            // ==++== 
//
//   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
//
// ==--== 

// The worker functions in this file was optimized for performance. If you make changes 
// you should use care to 

// The code of all worker functions in this file is written twice: Once as as a slow loop, and the 
// second time as a fast loop. The slow loops handles all special cases, throws exceptions, etc.
// The fast loops attempts to blaze through as fast as possible with optimistic range checks,
// processing multiple characters at a time, and falling back to the slow loop for all special cases.
 
// This define can be used to turn off the fast loops. Useful for finding whether
// the problem is fastloop-specific. 
#define FASTLOOP 

namespace System.Text 
{
    using System;
    using System.Globalization;
    using System.Runtime.Serialization; 
    using System.Security.Permissions;
 
    // Encodes text into and out of UTF-8.  UTF-8 is a way of writing 
    // Unicode characters with variable numbers of bytes per character,
    // optimized for the lower 127 ASCII characters.  It's an efficient way 
    // of encoding US English in an internationalizable way.
    //
    // Don't override IsAlwaysNormalized because it is just a Unicode Transformation and could be confused.
    // 
    // The UTF-8 byte order mark is simply the Unicode byte order mark
    // (0xFEFF) written in UTF-8 (0xEF 0xBB 0xBF).  The byte order mark is 
    // used mostly to distinguish UTF-8 text from other encodings, and doesn't 
    // switch the byte orderings.
 
    [Serializable]
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)]
    public class UTF8Encoding : Encoding
    { 
        /*
            bytes   bits    UTF-8 representation 
            -----   ----    ----------------------------------- 
            1        7      0vvvvvvv
            2       11      110vvvvv 10vvvvvv 
            3       16      1110vvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv
            4       21      11110vvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv
            -----   ----    -----------------------------------
 
            Surrogate:
            Real Unicode value = (HighSurrogate - 0xD800) * 0x400 + (LowSurrogate - 0xDC00) + 0x10000 
         */ 

        private const int UTF8_CODEPAGE=65001; 

        // Yes, the idea of emitting U+FEFF as a UTF-8 identifier has made it into
        // the standard.
        private bool emitUTF8Identifier = false; 

        private bool isThrowException = false; 
 

        public UTF8Encoding(): this(false) 
        {
        }

 
        public UTF8Encoding(bool encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier):
            this(encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier, false) 
        { 
        }
 

        public UTF8Encoding(bool encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier, bool throwOnInvalidBytes):
            base(UTF8_CODEPAGE)
        { 
            this.emitUTF8Identifier = encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier;
            this.isThrowException = throwOnInvalidBytes; 
 
            // Encoding's constructor already did this, but it'll be wrong if we're throwing exceptions
            if (this.isThrowException) 
                SetDefaultFallbacks();
        }

        internal override void SetDefaultFallbacks() 
        {
            // For UTF-X encodings, we use a replacement fallback with an empty string 
            if (this.isThrowException) 
            {
                this.encoderFallback = EncoderFallback.ExceptionFallback; 
                this.decoderFallback = DecoderFallback.ExceptionFallback;
            }
            else
            { 
                this.encoderFallback = new EncoderReplacementFallback("\xFFFD");
                this.decoderFallback = new DecoderReplacementFallback("\xFFFD"); 
            } 
        }
 

        //
        // WARNING: GetByteCount(string chars)
        // WARNING: has different variable names than EncodingNLS.cs, so this can't just be cut & pasted, 
        // WARNING: otherwise it'll break VB's way of declaring these.
        // 
        // The following methods are copied from EncodingNLS.cs. 
        // Unfortunately EncodingNLS.cs is internal and we're public, so we have to reimpliment them here.
        // These should be kept in sync for the following classes: 
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding
        //

        // Returns the number of bytes required to encode a range of characters in 
        // a character array.
        // 
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS) 
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include:
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding 
        // parent method is safe

        public override unsafe int GetByteCount(char[] chars, int index, int count)
        { 
            // Validate input parameters
            if (chars == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("chars", 
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
 
            if (index < 0 || count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index<0 ? "index" : "count"),
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
 
            if (chars.Length - index < count)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("chars", 
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_IndexCountBuffer")); 

            // If no input, return 0, avoid fixed empty array problem 
            if (chars.Length == 0)
                return 0;

            // Just call the pointer version 
            fixed (char* pChars = chars)
                return GetByteCount(pChars + index, count, null); 
        } 

        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS) 
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include:
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding
        // parent method is safe
 
        public override unsafe int GetByteCount(String chars)
        { 
            // Validate input 
            if (chars==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("s"); 

            fixed (char* pChars = chars)
                return GetByteCount(pChars, chars.Length, null);
        } 

        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS) 
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include: 
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding
 
        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public override unsafe int GetByteCount(char* chars, int count)
        { 
            // Validate Parameters
            if (chars == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException("chars", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
 
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
 
            // Call it with empty encoder
            return GetByteCount(chars, count, null); 
        } 

        // Parent method is safe. 
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS)
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include:
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding
 
        public override unsafe int GetBytes(String s, int charIndex, int charCount,
                                              byte[] bytes, int byteIndex) 
        { 
            if (s == null || bytes == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException((s == null ? "s" : "bytes"), 
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));

            if (charIndex < 0 || charCount < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((charIndex<0 ? "charIndex" : "charCount"), 
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
 
            if (s.Length - charIndex < charCount) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("s",
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_IndexCount")); 

            if (byteIndex < 0 || byteIndex > bytes.Length)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("byteIndex",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index")); 

            int byteCount = bytes.Length - byteIndex; 
 
            // Fixed doesn't like 0 length arrays.
            if (bytes.Length == 0) 
                bytes = new byte[1];

            fixed (char* pChars = s)
                fixed ( byte* pBytes = bytes) 
                    return GetBytes(pChars + charIndex, charCount,
                                    pBytes + byteIndex, byteCount, null); 
        } 

        // Encodes a range of characters in a character array into a range of bytes 
        // in a byte array. An exception occurs if the byte array is not large
        // enough to hold the complete encoding of the characters. The
        // GetByteCount method can be used to determine the exact number of
        // bytes that will be produced for a given range of characters. 
        // Alternatively, the GetMaxByteCount method can be used to
        // determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for a given 
        // number of characters, regardless of the actual character values. 
        //
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS) 
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include:
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding
        // parent method is safe
 
        public override unsafe int GetBytes(char[] chars, int charIndex, int charCount,
                                               byte[] bytes, int byteIndex) 
        { 
            // Validate parameters
            if (chars == null || bytes == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException((chars == null ? "chars" : "bytes"),
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));

            if (charIndex < 0 || charCount < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((charIndex<0 ? "charIndex" : "charCount"),
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 
 
            if (chars.Length - charIndex < charCount)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("chars", 
                      Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_IndexCountBuffer"));

            if (byteIndex < 0 || byteIndex > bytes.Length)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("byteIndex", 
                     Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
 
            // If nothing to encode return 0, avoid fixed problem 
            if (chars.Length == 0)
                return 0; 

            // Just call pointer version
            int byteCount = bytes.Length - byteIndex;
 
            // Fixed doesn't like 0 length arrays.
            if (bytes.Length == 0) 
                bytes = new byte[1]; 

            fixed (char* pChars = chars) 
                fixed (byte* pBytes = bytes)
                    // Remember that byteCount is # to decode, not size of array.
                    return GetBytes(pChars + charIndex, charCount,
                                    pBytes + byteIndex, byteCount, null); 
        }
 
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS) 
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include:
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding 

        [CLSCompliant(false)]
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public override unsafe int GetBytes(char* chars, int charCount, byte* bytes, int byteCount) 
        {
            // Validate Parameters 
            if (bytes == null || chars == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException(bytes == null ? "bytes" : "chars",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (charCount < 0 || byteCount < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((charCount<0 ? "charCount" : "byteCount"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 

            return GetBytes(chars, charCount, bytes, byteCount, null); 
        } 

        // Returns the number of characters produced by decoding a range of bytes 
        // in a byte array.
        //
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS)
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include: 
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding
        // parent method is safe 
 
        public override unsafe int GetCharCount(byte[] bytes, int index, int count)
        { 
            // Validate Parameters
            if (bytes == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (index < 0 || count < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index<0 ? "index" : "count"), 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
 
            if (bytes.Length - index < count)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("bytes",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_IndexCountBuffer"));
 
            // If no input just return 0, fixed doesn't like 0 length arrays.
            if (bytes.Length == 0) 
                return 0; 

            // Just call pointer version 
            fixed (byte* pBytes = bytes)
                return GetCharCount(pBytes + index, count, null);
        }
 
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS)
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include: 
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding 

        [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public override unsafe int GetCharCount(byte* bytes, int count)
        {
            // Validate Parameters 
            if (bytes == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (count < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));

            return GetCharCount(bytes, count, null); 
        }
 
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS) 
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include:
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding 
        // parent method is safe

        public override unsafe int GetChars(byte[] bytes, int byteIndex, int byteCount,
                                              char[] chars, int charIndex) 
        {
            // Validate Parameters 
            if (bytes == null || chars == null) 
                throw new ArgumentNullException(bytes == null ? "bytes" : "chars",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (byteIndex < 0 || byteCount < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((byteIndex<0 ? "byteIndex" : "byteCount"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 

            if ( bytes.Length - byteIndex < byteCount) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("bytes", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_IndexCountBuffer"));
 
            if (charIndex < 0 || charIndex > chars.Length)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("charIndex",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_Index"));
 
            // If no input, return 0 & avoid fixed problem
            if (bytes.Length == 0) 
                return 0; 

            // Just call pointer version 
            int charCount = chars.Length - charIndex;

            // Fixed doesn't like 0 length arrays.
            if (chars.Length == 0) 
                chars = new char[1];
 
            fixed (byte* pBytes = bytes) 
                fixed (char* pChars = chars)
                    // Remember that charCount is # to decode, not size of array 
                    return GetChars(pBytes + byteIndex, byteCount,
                                    pChars + charIndex, charCount, null);
        }
 
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS)
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include: 
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding 

        [CLSCompliant(false)] 
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
        public unsafe override int GetChars(byte* bytes, int byteCount, char* chars, int charCount)
        {
            // Validate Parameters 
            if (bytes == null || chars == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(bytes == null ? "bytes" : "chars", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array")); 

            if (charCount < 0 || byteCount < 0) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((charCount<0 ? "charCount" : "byteCount"),
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));

            return GetChars(bytes, byteCount, chars, charCount, null); 
        }
 
        // Returns a string containing the decoded representation of a range of 
        // bytes in a byte array.
        // 
        // All of our public Encodings that don't use EncodingNLS must have this (including EncodingNLS)
        // So if you fix this, fix the others.  Currently those include:
        // EncodingNLS, UTF7Encoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding, ASCIIEncoding, UnicodeEncoding
        // parent method is safe 

        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)] 
        public override unsafe String GetString(byte[] bytes, int index, int count) 
        {
            // Validate Parameters 
            if (bytes == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Array"));
 
            if (index < 0 || count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException((index < 0 ? "index" : "count"), 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum")); 

            if (bytes.Length - index < count) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("bytes",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_IndexCountBuffer"));

            // Avoid problems with empty input buffer 
            if (bytes.Length == 0) return String.Empty;
 
            fixed (byte* pBytes = bytes) 
                return String.CreateStringFromEncoding(
                    pBytes + index, count, this); 
        }

        //
        // End of standard methods copied from EncodingNLS.cs 
        //
 
        // To simplify maintenance, the structure of GetByteCount and GetBytes should be 
        // kept the same as much as possible
        internal override unsafe int GetByteCount(char *chars, int count, EncoderNLS baseEncoder) 
        {

            BCLDebug.Assert(chars!=null, "[UTF8Encoding.GetByteCount]chars!=null");
            BCLDebug.Assert(count >=0, "[UTF8Encoding.GetByteCount]count >=0"); 

            // For fallback we may need a fallback buffer. 
            // We wait to initialize it though in case we don't have any broken input unicode 
            EncoderFallbackBuffer fallbackBuffer = null;
            char *pSrc = chars; 
            char *pEnd = pSrc+count;

            // Start by assuming we have as many as count
            int byteCount = count; 

            int ch = 0; 
 
            if (baseEncoder != null) {
                UTF8Encoder encoder = (UTF8Encoder)baseEncoder; 
                ch = encoder.surrogateChar;

                // We mustn't have left over fallback data when counting
                if (encoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer) 
                {
                    if ((fallbackBuffer = encoder.FallbackBuffer).Remaining > 0) 
                        throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_EncoderFallbackNotEmpty", 
                        this.EncodingName, encoder.Fallback.GetType()));
 
                    // Set our internal fallback interesting things.
                    fallbackBuffer.InternalInitialize(chars, pEnd, encoder, false);
                }
            } 

            for (;;) { 
                // SLOWLOOP: does all range checks, handles all special cases, but it is slow 
                if (pSrc >= pEnd) {
 
                    if (ch == 0) {
                        // Unroll any fallback that happens at the end
                        ch = fallbackBuffer != null ? fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar() : 0;
                        if (ch > 0) { 
                            byteCount++;
                            goto ProcessChar; 
                        } 
                    } else {
                        // Case of surrogates in the fallback. 
                        if (fallbackBuffer != null && fallbackBuffer.bFallingBack) {
                            BCLDebug.Assert(ch >= 0xD800 && ch <= 0xDBFF,
                                "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]expected high surrogate, not 0x" + ((int)ch).ToString("X4", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
 
                            ch = fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar();
                            byteCount++; 
 
                            if (InRange(ch, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END)) {
                                ch = 0xfffd; 
                                byteCount++;
                                goto EncodeChar;
                            } else if (ch > 0){
                                goto ProcessChar; 
                            } else {
                                byteCount--; // ignore last one. 
                                break; 
                            }
                        } 
                    }

                    if (ch <= 0) {
                        break; 
                    }
                    if (baseEncoder != null && !baseEncoder.MustFlush) { 
                        break; 
                    }
 
                    // attempt to encode the partial surrogate (will fallback or ignore it), it'll also subtract 1.
                    byteCount++;
                    goto EncodeChar;
                } 

                if (ch > 0) { 
                    BCLDebug.Assert(ch >= 0xD800 && ch <= 0xDBFF, 
                        "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]expected high surrogate, not 0x" + ((int)ch).ToString("X4", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
 
                    // use separate helper variables for local contexts so that the jit optimizations
                    // won't get confused about the variable lifetimes
                    int cha = *pSrc;
 
                    // count the pending surrogate
                    byteCount++; 
 
                    // In previous byte, we encountered a high surrogate, so we are expecting a low surrogate here.
                    // if (IsLowSurrogate(cha)) { 
                    if (InRange(cha, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END)) {
                        // Don't need a real # because we're just counting, anything > 0x7ff ('cept surrogate) will do.
                        ch = 0xfffd;
//                        ch = cha + (ch << 10) + 
//                            (0x10000
//                            - CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START 
//                            - (CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START << 10) ); 

                        // Use this next char 
                        pSrc++;
                    }
                    // else ch is still high surrogate and encoding will fail (so don't add count)
 
                    // attempt to encode the surrogate or partial surrogate
                    goto EncodeChar; 
                } 

                // If we've used a fallback, then we have to 
                if (fallbackBuffer != null)
                {
                    ch = fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar();
                    if (ch > 0) 
                    {
                        // We have an extra byte we weren't expecting. 
                        byteCount++; 
                        goto ProcessChar;
                    } 
                }

                // read next char. The JIT optimization seems to be getting confused when
                // compiling "ch = *pSrc++;", so rather use "ch = *pSrc; pSrc++;" instead 
                ch = *pSrc;
                pSrc++; 
 
            ProcessChar:
                // if (IsHighSurrogate(ch)) { 
                if (InRange(ch, CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_END)) {
                    // we will count this surrogate next time around
                    byteCount--;
                    continue; 
                }
                // either good char or partial surrogate 
 
            EncodeChar:
                // throw exception on partial surrogate if necessary 
                // if (IsLowSurrogate(ch) || IsHighSurrogate(ch))
                if (InRange(ch, CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END))
                {
                    // Lone surrogates aren't allowed 
                    // Have to make a fallback buffer if we don't have one
                    if (fallbackBuffer == null) 
                    { 
                        // wait on fallbacks if we can
                        // For fallback we may need a fallback buffer 
                        if (baseEncoder == null)
                            fallbackBuffer = this.encoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer();
                        else
                            fallbackBuffer = baseEncoder.FallbackBuffer; 

                        // Set our internal fallback interesting things. 
                        fallbackBuffer.InternalInitialize(chars, chars + count, baseEncoder, false); 
                    }
 
                    // Do our fallback.  Actually we already know its a mixed up surrogate,
                    // so the ref pSrc isn't gonna do anything.
                    fallbackBuffer.InternalFallback(unchecked((char)ch), ref pSrc);
 
                    // Ignore it if we don't throw (we had preallocated this ch)
                    byteCount--; 
                    ch = 0; 
                    continue;
                } 

                // Count them
                if (ch > 0x7F) {
                    if (ch > 0x7FF) { 
                        // the extra surrogate byte was compensated by the second surrogate character
                        // (2 surrogates make 4 bytes.  We've already counted 2 bytes, 1 per char) 
                        byteCount++; 
                    }
                    byteCount++; 
                }

#if WIN64
                // 
                if (byteCount < 0) {
                    break; 
                } 
#endif
 
#if FASTLOOP
                // If still have fallback don't do fast loop
                if (fallbackBuffer != null && (ch = fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar()) != 0)
                { 
                    // We're reserving 1 byte for each char by default
                    byteCount++; 
                    goto ProcessChar; 
                }
 
                int availableChars = PtrDiff(pEnd, pSrc);

                // don't fall into the fast decoding loop if we don't have enough characters
                if (availableChars <= 13) { 
                    // try to get over the remainder of the ascii characters fast though
                    char* pLocalEnd = pEnd; // hint to get pLocalEnd enregistered 
                    while (pSrc < pLocalEnd) { 
                        ch = *pSrc;
                        pSrc++; 
                        if (ch > 0x7F)
                            goto ProcessChar;
                    }
 
                    // we are done
                    break; 
                } 

#if WIN64 
                // make sure that we won't get a silent overflow inside the fast loop
                // (Fall out to slow loop if we have this many characters)
                availableChars &= 0x0FFFFFFF;
#endif 

                // To compute the upper bound, assume that all characters are ASCII characters at this point, 
                //  the boundary will be decreased for every non-ASCII character we encounter 
                // Also, we need 3 + 4 chars reserve for the unrolled ansi decoding loop and for decoding of surrogates
                char *pStop = pSrc + availableChars - (3 + 4); 

                while (pSrc < pStop) {
                    ch = *pSrc;
                    pSrc++; 

                    if (ch > 0x7F)                                                  // Not ASCII 
                    { 
                        if (ch > 0x7FF)                                             // Not 2 Byte
                        { 
                            if ((ch & 0xF800) == 0xD800)                            // See if its a Surrogate
                                goto LongCode;
                            byteCount++;
                        } 
                        byteCount ++;
                    } 
 
                    // get pSrc aligned
                    if ((unchecked((int)pSrc) & 0x2) != 0) { 
                        ch = *pSrc;
                        pSrc++;
                        if (ch > 0x7F)                                              // Not ASCII
                        { 
                            if (ch > 0x7FF)                                         // Not 2 Byte
                            { 
                                if ((ch & 0xF800) == 0xD800)                        // See if its a Surrogate 
                                    goto LongCode;
                                byteCount++; 
                            }
                            byteCount ++;
                        }
                    } 

                    // Run 2 * 4 characters at a time! 
                    while (pSrc < pStop) { 
                        ch = *(int*)pSrc;
                        int chc = *(int*)(pSrc+2); 
                        if (((ch | chc) & unchecked((int)0xFF80FF80)) != 0)         // See if not ASCII
                        {
                            if (((ch | chc) & unchecked((int)0xF800F800)) != 0)     // See if not 2 Byte
                            { 
                                goto LongCodeWithMask;
                            } 
 

                            if ((ch & unchecked((int)0xFF800000)) != 0)             // Actually 0x07800780 is all we care about (4 bits) 
                                byteCount++;
                            if ((ch & unchecked((int)0xFF80)) != 0)
                                byteCount++;
                            if ((chc & unchecked((int)0xFF800000)) != 0) 
                                byteCount++;
                            if ((chc & unchecked((int)0xFF80)) != 0) 
                                byteCount++; 
                        }
                        pSrc += 4; 

                        ch = *(int*)pSrc;
                        chc = *(int*)(pSrc+2);
                        if (((ch | chc) & unchecked((int)0xFF80FF80)) != 0)         // See if not ASCII 
                        {
                            if (((ch | chc) & unchecked((int)0xF800F800)) != 0)     // See if not 2 Byte 
                            { 
                                goto LongCodeWithMask;
                            } 

                            if ((ch & unchecked((int)0xFF800000)) != 0)
                                byteCount++;
                            if ((ch & unchecked((int)0xFF80)) != 0) 
                                byteCount++;
                            if ((chc & unchecked((int)0xFF800000)) != 0) 
                                byteCount++; 
                            if ((chc & unchecked((int)0xFF80)) != 0)
                                byteCount++; 
                        }
                        pSrc += 4;
                    }
                    break; 

                LongCodeWithMask: 
#if BIGENDIAN 
                    // be careful about the sign extension
                    ch = (int)(((uint)ch) >> 16); 
#else // BIGENDIAN
                    ch = (char)ch;
#endif // BIGENDIAN
                    pSrc++; 

                    if (ch <= 0x7F) { 
                        continue; 
                    }
 
                LongCode:
                    // use separate helper variables for slow and fast loop so that the jit optimizations
                    // won't get confused about the variable lifetimes
                    if (ch > 0x7FF) { 
                        // if (IsLowSurrogate(ch) || IsHighSurrogate(ch))
                        if (InRange(ch, CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END)) { 
                            // 4 byte encoding - high surrogate + low surrogate 

                            int chd = *pSrc; 
                            if (
                                // !IsHighSurrogate(ch) // low without high -> bad
                                ch > CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_END ||
                                // !IsLowSurrogate(chd) // high not followed by low -> bad 
                                !InRange(chd, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END) )
                            { 
                                // Back up and drop out to slow loop to figure out error 
                                pSrc--;
                                break; 
                            }
                            pSrc++;

                            // byteCount - this byte is compensated by the second surrogate character 
                        }
                        byteCount++; 
                    } 
                    byteCount++;
 
                    // byteCount - the last byte is already included
                }
#endif // FASTLOOP
 
                // no pending char at this point
                ch = 0; 
            } 

#if WIN64 
            //
            if (byteCount < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentException(
                        Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_ConversionOverflow")); 
            }
#endif 
 
            BCLDebug.Assert(fallbackBuffer == null || fallbackBuffer.Remaining == 0,
                "[UTF8Encoding.GetByteCount]Expected Empty fallback buffer"); 

            return byteCount;
        }
 
        // diffs two char pointers using unsigned arithmetic. The unsigned arithmetic
        // is good enough for us, and it tends to generate better code than the signed 
        // arithmetic generated by default 
        unsafe private static int PtrDiff(char *a, char* b)
        { 
            return (int)(((uint)((byte*)a - (byte*)b)) >> 1);
        }

        // byte* flavor just for parity 
        unsafe private static int PtrDiff(byte* a, byte* b)
        { 
            return (int)(a - b); 
        }
 
        private static bool InRange(int ch, int start, int end)
        {
            return (uint)(ch - start) <= (uint)(end - start);
        } 

        // Our workhorse 
        // Note:  We ignore mismatched surrogates, unless the exception flag is set in which case we throw 
        internal override unsafe int GetBytes(char* chars, int charCount,
                                                byte* bytes, int byteCount, EncoderNLS baseEncoder) 
        {
            BCLDebug.Assert(chars!=null, "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]chars!=null");
            BCLDebug.Assert(byteCount >=0, "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]byteCount >=0");
            BCLDebug.Assert(charCount >=0, "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]charCount >=0"); 
            BCLDebug.Assert(bytes!=null, "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]bytes!=null");
 
            UTF8Encoder encoder = null; 

            // For fallback we may need a fallback buffer. 
            // We wait to initialize it though in case we don't have any broken input unicode
            EncoderFallbackBuffer fallbackBuffer = null;
            char *pSrc = chars;
            byte *pTarget = bytes; 

            char *pEnd = pSrc+charCount; 
            byte *pAllocatedBufferEnd = pTarget+byteCount; 

            int ch = 0; 

            // assume that JIT will enregister pSrc, pTarget and ch

            if (baseEncoder != null) { 
                encoder = (UTF8Encoder)baseEncoder;
                ch = encoder.surrogateChar; 
 
                // We mustn't have left over fallback data when counting
                if (encoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer) 
                {
                    // We always need the fallback buffer in get bytes so we can flush any remaining ones if necessary
                    fallbackBuffer = encoder.FallbackBuffer;
                    if (fallbackBuffer.Remaining > 0 && encoder.m_throwOnOverflow) 
                        throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_EncoderFallbackNotEmpty",
                        this.EncodingName, encoder.Fallback.GetType())); 
 
                    // Set our internal fallback interesting things.
                    fallbackBuffer.InternalInitialize(chars, pEnd, encoder, true); 
                }
            }

            for (;;) { 
                // SLOWLOOP: does all range checks, handles all special cases, but it is slow
 
                if (pSrc >= pEnd) { 

                    if (ch == 0) { 
                        // Check if there's anthing left to get out of the fallback buffer
                        ch = fallbackBuffer != null ? fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar() : 0;
                        if (ch > 0) {
                            goto ProcessChar; 
                        }
                    } else { 
                        // Case of leftover surrogates in the fallback buffer 
                        if (fallbackBuffer != null && fallbackBuffer.bFallingBack) {
                            BCLDebug.Assert(ch >= 0xD800 && ch <= 0xDBFF, 
                                "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]expected high surrogate, not 0x" + ((int)ch).ToString("X4", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));

                            int cha = ch;
 
                            ch = fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar();
 
                            if (InRange(ch, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END)) { 
                                ch = ch + (cha << 10) + (0x10000 - CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START - (CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START << 10));
                                goto EncodeChar; 
                            } else if (ch > 0){
                                goto ProcessChar;
                            } else {
                                break; 
                            }
                        } 
                    } 

                    // attempt to encode the partial surrogate (will fail or ignore) 
                    if (ch > 0 && (encoder == null || encoder.MustFlush))
                        goto EncodeChar;

                    // We're done 
                    break;
                } 
 
                if (ch > 0) {
                    // We have a high surrogate left over from a previous loop. 
                    BCLDebug.Assert(ch >= 0xD800 && ch <= 0xDBFF,
                        "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]expected high surrogate, not 0x" + ((int)ch).ToString("X4", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));

                    // use separate helper variables for local contexts so that the jit optimizations 
                    // won't get confused about the variable lifetimes
                    int cha = *pSrc; 
 
                    // In previous byte, we encountered a high surrogate, so we are expecting a low surrogate here.
                    // if (IsLowSurrogate(cha)) { 
                    if (InRange(cha, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END)) {
                        ch = cha + (ch << 10) +
                            (0x10000
                            - CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START 
                            - (CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START << 10) );
 
                        pSrc++; 
                    }
                    // else ch is still high surrogate and encoding will fail 

                    // attempt to encode the surrogate or partial surrogate
                    goto EncodeChar;
                } 

                // If we've used a fallback, then we have to 
                if (fallbackBuffer != null) 
                {
                    ch = fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar(); 
                    if (ch > 0) goto ProcessChar;
                }

                // read next char. The JIT optimization seems to be getting confused when 
                // compiling "ch = *pSrc++;", so rather use "ch = *pSrc; pSrc++;" instead
                ch = *pSrc; 
                pSrc++; 

            ProcessChar: 
                // if (IsHighSurrogate(ch)) {
                if (InRange(ch, CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_END)) {
                    continue;
                } 
                // either good char or partial surrogate
 
            EncodeChar: 
                // throw exception on partial surrogate if necessary
                // if (IsLowSurrogate(ch) || IsHighSurrogate(ch)) 
                if (InRange(ch, CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END))
                {
                    // Lone surrogates aren't allowed, we have to do fallback for them
                    // Have to make a fallback buffer if we don't have one 
                    if (fallbackBuffer == null)
                    { 
                        // wait on fallbacks if we can 
                        // For fallback we may need a fallback buffer
                        if (baseEncoder == null) 
                            fallbackBuffer = this.encoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer();
                        else
                            fallbackBuffer = baseEncoder.FallbackBuffer;
 
                        // Set our internal fallback interesting things.
                        fallbackBuffer.InternalInitialize(chars, pEnd, baseEncoder, true); 
                    } 

                    // Do our fallback.  Actually we already know its a mixed up surrogate, 
                    // so the ref pSrc isn't gonna do anything.
                    fallbackBuffer.InternalFallback(unchecked((char)ch), ref pSrc);

                    // Ignore it if we don't throw 
                    ch = 0;
                    continue; 
                } 

                // Count bytes needed 
                int bytesNeeded = 1;
                if (ch > 0x7F) {
                    if (ch > 0x7FF) {
                        if (ch > 0xFFFF) { 
                            bytesNeeded++;  // 4 bytes (surrogate pair)
                        } 
                        bytesNeeded++;      // 3 bytes (800-FFFF) 
                    }
                    bytesNeeded++;          // 2 bytes (80-7FF) 
                }

                if (pTarget > pAllocatedBufferEnd - bytesNeeded) {
                    // Left over surrogate from last time will cause pSrc == chars, so we'll throw 
                    if (fallbackBuffer != null && fallbackBuffer.bFallingBack)
                    { 
                        fallbackBuffer.MovePrevious();              // Didn't use this fallback char 
                        if (ch > 0xFFFF)
                            fallbackBuffer.MovePrevious();          // Was surrogate, didn't use 2nd part either 
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        pSrc--;                                     // Didn't use this char 
                        if (ch > 0xFFFF)
                            pSrc--;                                 // Was surrogate, didn't use 2nd part either 
                    } 
                    BCLDebug.Assert(pSrc >= chars || pTarget == bytes,
                        "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]Expected pSrc to be within buffer or to throw with insufficient room."); 
                    ThrowBytesOverflow(encoder, pTarget == bytes);  // Throw if we must
                    ch = 0;                                         // Nothing left over (we backed up to start of pair if supplimentary)
                    break;
                } 

                if (ch <= 0x7F) { 
                    *pTarget = (byte)ch; 
                }
                else { 
                    // use separate helper variables for local contexts so that the jit optimizations
                    // won't get confused about the variable lifetimes
                    int chb;
                    if (ch <= 0x7FF) { 
                        // 2 byte encoding
                        chb = (byte)(unchecked((sbyte)0xC0) | (ch >> 6)); 
                    } 
                    else
                    { 
                        if (ch <= 0xFFFF) {
                            chb = (byte)(unchecked((sbyte)0xE0) | (ch >> 12));
                        }
                        else 
                        {
                            *pTarget = (byte)(unchecked((sbyte)0xF0) | (ch >> 18)); 
                            pTarget++; 

                            chb = unchecked((sbyte)0x80) | (ch >> 12) & 0x3F; 
                        }
                        *pTarget = (byte)chb;
                        pTarget++;
 
                        chb = unchecked((sbyte)0x80) | (ch >> 6) & 0x3F;
                    } 
                    *pTarget = (byte)chb; 
                    pTarget++;
 
                    *pTarget = (byte)(unchecked((sbyte)0x80) | ch & 0x3F);
                }
                pTarget++;
 

#if FASTLOOP 
                // If still have fallback don't do fast loop 
                if (fallbackBuffer != null && (ch = fallbackBuffer.InternalGetNextChar()) != 0)
                    goto ProcessChar; 

                int availableChars = PtrDiff(pEnd, pSrc);
                int availableBytes = PtrDiff(pAllocatedBufferEnd, pTarget);
 
                // don't fall into the fast decoding loop if we don't have enough characters
                // Note that if we don't have enough bytes, pStop will prevent us from entering the fast loop. 
                if (availableChars <= 13) { 
                    // we are hoping for 1 byte per char
                    if (availableBytes < availableChars) { 
                        // not enough output room.  no pending bits at this point
                        ch = 0;
                        continue;
                    } 

                    // try to get over the remainder of the ascii characters fast though 
                    char* pLocalEnd = pEnd; // hint to get pLocalEnd enregistered 
                    while (pSrc < pLocalEnd) {
                        ch = *pSrc; 
                        pSrc++;

                        // Not ASCII, need more than 1 byte per char
                        if (ch > 0x7F) 
                            goto ProcessChar;
 
                        *pTarget = (byte)ch; 
                        pTarget++;
                    } 
                    // we are done, let ch be 0 to clear encoder
                    ch = 0;
                    break;
                } 

                // we need at least 1 byte per character, but Convert might allow us to convert 
                // only part of the input, so try as much as we can.  Reduce charCount if necessary 
                if (availableBytes < availableChars)
                { 
                    availableChars = availableBytes;
                }

                // FASTLOOP: 
                // - optimistic range checks
                // - fallbacks to the slow loop for all special cases, exception throwing, etc. 
 
                // To compute the upper bound, assume that all characters are ASCII characters at this point,
                //  the boundary will be decreased for every non-ASCII character we encounter 
                // Also, we need 5 chars reserve for the unrolled ansi decoding loop and for decoding of surrogates
                // If there aren't enough bytes for the output, then pStop will be <= pSrc and will bypass the loop.
                char *pStop = pSrc + availableChars - 5;
 
                while (pSrc < pStop) {
                    ch = *pSrc; 
                    pSrc++; 

                    if (ch > 0x7F) { 
                        goto LongCode;
                    }
                    *pTarget = (byte)ch;
                    pTarget++; 

                    // get pSrc aligned 
                    if ((unchecked((int)pSrc) & 0x2) != 0) { 
                        ch = *pSrc;
                        pSrc++; 
                        if (ch > 0x7F) {
                            goto LongCode;
                        }
                        *pTarget = (byte)ch; 
                        pTarget++;
                    } 
 
                    // Run 4 characters at a time!
                    while (pSrc < pStop) { 
                        ch = *(int*)pSrc;
                        int chc = *(int*)(pSrc+2);
                        if (((ch | chc) & unchecked((int)0xFF80FF80)) != 0) {
                            goto LongCodeWithMask; 
                        }
 
                        // Unfortunately, this is endianess sensitive 
#if BIGENDIAN
                        *pTarget = (byte)(ch>>16); 
                        *(pTarget+1) = (byte)ch;
                        pSrc += 4;
                        *(pTarget+2) = (byte)(chc>>16);
                        *(pTarget+3) = (byte)chc; 
                        pTarget += 4;
#else // BIGENDIAN 
                        *pTarget = (byte)ch; 
                        *(pTarget+1) = (byte)(ch>>16);
                        pSrc += 4; 
                        *(pTarget+2) = (byte)chc;
                        *(pTarget+3) = (byte)(chc>>16);
                        pTarget += 4;
#endif // BIGENDIAN 
                    }
                    continue; 
 
                LongCodeWithMask:
#if BIGENDIAN 
                    // be careful about the sign extension
                    ch = (int)(((uint)ch) >> 16);
#else // BIGENDIAN
                    ch = (char)ch; 
#endif // BIGENDIAN
                    pSrc++; 
 
                    if (ch > 0x7F) {
                        goto LongCode; 
                    }
                    *pTarget = (byte)ch;
                    pTarget++;
                    continue; 

                LongCode: 
                    // use separate helper variables for slow and fast loop so that the jit optimizations 
                    // won't get confused about the variable lifetimes
                    int chd; 
                    if (ch <= 0x7FF) {
                        // 2 byte encoding
                        chd = unchecked((sbyte)0xC0) | (ch >> 6);
                    } 
                    else {
                        // if (!IsLowSurrogate(ch) && !IsHighSurrogate(ch)) 
                        if (!InRange(ch, CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END)) { 
                            // 3 byte encoding
                            chd = unchecked((sbyte)0xE0) | (ch >> 12); 
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // 4 byte encoding - high surrogate + low surrogate 
                            // if (!IsHighSurrogate(ch))
                            if (ch > CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_END) { 
                                // low without high -> bad, try again in slow loop 
                                pSrc -= 1;
                                break; 
                            }

                            chd = *pSrc;
                            pSrc++; 

                            // if (!IsLowSurrogate(chd)) { 
                            if (!InRange(chd, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START, CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END)) { 
                                // high not followed by low -> bad, try again in slow loop
                                pSrc -= 2; 
                                break;
                            }

                            ch = chd + (ch << 10) + 
                                (0x10000
                                - CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START 
                                - (CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START << 10) ); 

                            *pTarget = (byte)(unchecked((sbyte)0xF0) | (ch >> 18)); 
                            // pStop - this byte is compensated by the second surrogate character
                            // 2 input chars require 4 output bytes.  2 have been anticipated already
                            // and 2 more will be accounted for by the 2 pStop-- calls below.
                            pTarget++; 

                            chd = unchecked((sbyte)0x80) | (ch >> 12) & 0x3F; 
                        } 
                        *pTarget = (byte)chd;
                        pStop--;                    // 3 byte sequence for 1 char, so need pStop-- and the one below too. 
                        pTarget++;

                        chd = unchecked((sbyte)0x80) | (ch >> 6) & 0x3F;
                    } 
                    *pTarget = (byte)chd;
                    pStop--;                        // 2 byte sequence for 1 char so need pStop--. 
                    pTarget++; 

                    *pTarget = (byte)(unchecked((sbyte)0x80) | ch & 0x3F); 
                    // pStop - this byte is already included
                    pTarget++;
                }
 
                BCLDebug.Assert(pTarget <= pAllocatedBufferEnd, "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]pTarget <= pAllocatedBufferEnd");
 
#endif // FASTLOOP 

                // no pending char at this point 
                ch = 0;
            }

            // Do we have to set the encoder bytes? 
            if (encoder != null)
            { 
                BCLDebug.Assert(!encoder.MustFlush || ch == 0, 
                    "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes] Expected no mustflush or 0 leftover ch " + ch.ToString("X2", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
 
                encoder.surrogateChar = ch;
                encoder.m_charsUsed = (int)(pSrc - chars);
            }
 
            BCLDebug.Assert(fallbackBuffer == null || fallbackBuffer.Remaining == 0 ||
                baseEncoder == null || !baseEncoder.m_throwOnOverflow, 
                "[UTF8Encoding.GetBytes]Expected empty fallback buffer if not converting"); 

            return (int)(pTarget - bytes); 
        }


        // These are bitmasks used to maintain the state in the decoder. They occupy the higher bits 
        // while the actual character is being built in the lower bits. They are shifted together
        // with the actual bits of the character. 
 
        // bits 30 & 31 are used for pending bits fixup
        private const int FinalByte         = 1 << 29; 
        private const int SupplimentarySeq  = 1 << 28;
        private const int ThreeByteSeq      = 1 << 27;

        // Note:  We throw exceptions on individually encoded surrogates and other non-shortest forms. 
        //        If exceptions aren't turned on, then we drop all non-shortest &individual surrogates.
        // 
        // To simplify maintenance, the structure of GetCharCount and GetChars should be 
        // kept the same as much as possible
        internal override unsafe int GetCharCount(byte* bytes, int count, DecoderNLS baseDecoder) 
        {
            BCLDebug.Assert(count >=0, "[UTF8Encoding.GetCharCount]count >=0");
            BCLDebug.Assert(bytes!=null, "[UTF8Encoding.GetCharCount]bytes!=null");
 
            // Initialize stuff
            byte *pSrc = bytes; 
            byte *pEnd = pSrc+count; 

            // Start by assuming we have as many as count, charCount always includes the adjustment 
            // for the character being decoded
            int charCount = count;
            int ch = 0;
            DecoderFallbackBuffer fallback = null; 

            if (baseDecoder != null) { 
                UTF8Decoder decoder = (UTF8Decoder)baseDecoder; 
                ch = decoder.bits;
                charCount -= (ch >> 30);        // Adjust char count for # of expected bytes and expected output chars. 

                // Shouldn't have anything in fallback buffer for GetCharCount
                // (don't have to
                BCLDebug.Assert(!decoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer || decoder.FallbackBuffer.Remaining == 0, 
                    "[UTF8Encoding.GetCharCount]Expected empty fallback buffer at start");
            } 
 
            for (;;)
            { 
                // SLOWLOOP: does all range checks, handles all special cases, but it is slow

                if (pSrc >= pEnd) {
                    break; 
                }
 
                if (ch == 0) { 
                    // no pending bits
                    goto ReadChar; 
                }

                // read next byte. The JIT optimization seems to be getting confused when
                // compiling "ch = *pSrc++;", so rather use "ch = *pSrc; pSrc++;" instead 
                int cha = *pSrc;
                pSrc++; 
 
                // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv
                if ((cha & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80) { 
                    // This can be a valid starting byte for another UTF8 byte sequence, so let's put
                    // the current byte back, and try to see if this is a valid byte for another UTF8 byte sequence
                    pSrc--;
                    charCount += (ch >> 30); 
                    goto InvalidByteSequence;
                } 
 
                // fold in the new byte
                ch = (ch << 6) | (cha & 0x3F); 

                if ((ch & FinalByte) == 0) {
                    BCLDebug.Assert( (ch & (SupplimentarySeq | ThreeByteSeq)) != 0,
                        "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Invariant volation"); 

                    if ((ch & SupplimentarySeq) != 0) { 
                        if ((ch & (FinalByte >> 6)) != 0) { 
                            // this is 3rd byte (of 4 byte supplimentary) - nothing to do
                            continue; 
                        }

                        // 2nd byte,
 
                        if (!InRange(ch & 0x1F0, 0x10, 0x100)) {
                            goto InvalidByteSequence; 
                        } 
                    }
                    else { 
                        // Must be 2nd byte of a 3-byte sequence
                        //
                        if ((ch & (0x1F << 5)) == 0 ||                  // non-shortest form
                            (ch & (0xF800 >> 6) ) == (0xD800 >> 6))     // illegal individually encoded surrogate 
                        {
                            goto InvalidByteSequence; 
                        } 
                    }
                    continue; 
                }

                // ready to punch
 
                // adjust for surrogates in non-shortest form
                if ((ch & (SupplimentarySeq | 0x1F0000)) == SupplimentarySeq) { 
                    charCount--; 
                }
                goto EncodeChar; 

            InvalidByteSequence:
                // this code fragment should be close to the gotos referencing it
                // Have to do fallback for invalid bytes 
                if (fallback == null)
                { 
                    if (baseDecoder == null) 
                        fallback = this.decoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer();
                    else 
                        fallback = baseDecoder.FallbackBuffer;
                    fallback.InternalInitialize(bytes, null);
                }
                charCount += FallbackInvalidByteSequence(pSrc, ch, fallback); 

                ch = 0; 
                continue; 

            ReadChar: 
                ch = *pSrc;
                pSrc++;

            ProcessChar: 
                if (ch > 0x7F) {
                    // If its > 0x7F, its start of a new multi-byte sequence 
 
                    // Long sequence, so unreserve our char.
                    charCount--; 

                    // bit 6 has to be non-zero for start of multibyte chars.
                    if ((ch & 0x40) == 0) {
                        // Unexpected trail byte 
                        goto InvalidByteSequence;
                    } 
 
                    // start a new long code
                    if ((ch & 0x20) != 0) { 
                        if ((ch & 0x10) != 0) {
                            // 4 byte encoding - supplimentary character (2 surrogates)

                            ch &= 0x0F; 

                            // 
 
                            if (ch > 0x04) {
                                ch |= 0xf0; 
                                goto InvalidByteSequence;
                            }

                            // Add bit flags so that when we 

                            ch |= (FinalByte >> 3*6) |  // Final byte is 3 more bytes from now 
                                  (1 << 30) |           // If it dies on next byte we'll need an extra char 
                                  (3 << (30-2*6)) |     // If it dies on last byte we'll need to subtract a char
                                (SupplimentarySeq) | (SupplimentarySeq >> 6) | 
                                (SupplimentarySeq >> 2*6) | (SupplimentarySeq >> 3*6);

                            // Our character count will be 2 characters for these 4 bytes, so subtract another char
                            charCount--; 
                        }
                        else { 
                            // 3 byte encoding 
                            // Add bit flags so that when we
                            ch = (ch & 0x0F) | ( (FinalByte >> 2*6) | (1 << 30) | 
                                (ThreeByteSeq) | (ThreeByteSeq >> 6) | (ThreeByteSeq >> 2*6) );

                            // We'll expect 1 character for these 3 bytes, so subtract another char.
                            charCount--; 
                        }
                    } 
                    else { 
                        // 2 byte encoding
 
                        ch &= 0x1F;

                        //
                        if (ch <= 1) { 
                            ch |= 0xc0;
                            goto InvalidByteSequence; 
                        } 

                        // Add bit flags so we'll be flagged correctly 
                        ch |= (FinalByte >> 6);
                    }
                    continue;
                } 

            EncodeChar: 
 
#if FASTLOOP
                int availableBytes = PtrDiff(pEnd, pSrc); 

                // don't fall into the fast decoding loop if we don't have enough bytes
                if (availableBytes <= 13) {
                    // try to get over the remainder of the ascii characters fast though 
                    byte* pLocalEnd = pEnd; // hint to get pLocalEnd enregistered
                    while (pSrc < pLocalEnd) { 
                        ch = *pSrc; 
                        pSrc++;
 
                        if (ch > 0x7F)
                            goto ProcessChar;
                    }
                    // we are done 
                    ch = 0;
                    break; 
                } 

                // To compute the upper bound, assume that all characters are ASCII characters at this point, 
                //  the boundary will be decreased for every non-ASCII character we encounter
                // Also, we need 7 chars reserve for the unrolled ansi decoding loop and for decoding of multibyte sequences
                byte *pStop = pSrc + availableBytes - 7;
 
                while (pSrc < pStop) {
                    ch = *pSrc; 
                    pSrc++; 

                    if (ch > 0x7F) { 
                        goto LongCode;
                    }

                    // get pSrc 2-byte aligned 
                    if ((unchecked((int)pSrc) & 0x1) != 0) {
                        ch = *pSrc; 
                        pSrc++; 
                        if (ch > 0x7F) {
                            goto LongCode; 
                        }
                    }

                    // get pSrc 4-byte aligned 
                    if ((unchecked((int)pSrc) & 0x2) != 0) {
                        ch = *(ushort*)pSrc; 
                        if ((ch & 0x8080) != 0) { 
                            goto LongCodeWithMask16;
                        } 
                        pSrc += 2;
                    }

                    // Run 8 + 8 characters at a time! 
                    while (pSrc < pStop) {
                        ch = *(int*)pSrc; 
                        int chb = *(int*)(pSrc+4); 
                        if (((ch | chb) & unchecked((int)0x80808080)) != 0) {
                            goto LongCodeWithMask32; 
                        }
                        pSrc += 8;

                        // This is a really small loop - unroll it 
                        if (pSrc >= pStop)
                            break; 
 
                        ch = *(int*)pSrc;
                        chb = *(int*)(pSrc+4); 
                        if (((ch | chb) & unchecked((int)0x80808080)) != 0) {
                            goto LongCodeWithMask32;
                        }
                        pSrc += 8; 
                    }
                    break; 
 
#if BIGENDIAN
                LongCodeWithMask32: 
                    // be careful about the sign extension
                    ch = (int)(((uint)ch) >> 16);
                LongCodeWithMask16:
                    ch = (int)(((uint)ch) >> 8); 
#else // BIGENDIAN
                LongCodeWithMask32: 
                LongCodeWithMask16: 
                    ch &= 0xFF;
#endif // BIGENDIAN 
                    pSrc++;
                    if (ch <= 0x7F) {
                        continue;
                    } 

                LongCode: 
                    int chc = *pSrc; 
                    pSrc++;
 
                    if (
                        // bit 6 has to be zero
                        (ch & 0x40) == 0 ||
                        // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv 
                        (chc & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80)
                    { 
                        goto BadLongCode; 
                    }
 
                    chc &= 0x3F;

                    // start a new long code
                    if ((ch & 0x20) != 0) { 

                        // fold the first two bytes together 
                        chc |= (ch & 0x0F) << 6; 

                        if ((ch & 0x10) != 0) { 
                            // 4 byte encoding - surrogate
                            ch = *pSrc;
                            if (
                                // 

                                !InRange(chc >> 4, 0x01, 0x10) || 
                                // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv 
                                (ch & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80 )
                            { 
                                goto BadLongCode;
                            }

                            chc = (chc << 6) | (ch & 0x3F); 

                            ch = *(pSrc+1); 
                            // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv 
                            if ((ch & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80) {
                                goto BadLongCode; 
                            }
                            pSrc += 2;

                            // extra byte 
                            charCount--;
                        } 
                        else { 
                            // 3 byte encoding
                            ch = *pSrc; 
                            if (
                                //
                                (chc & (0x1F << 5)) == 0 ||
                                // Can't have surrogates here. 
                                (chc & (0xF800 >> 6) ) == (0xD800 >> 6) ||
                                // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv 
                                (ch & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80 ) 
                            {
                                goto BadLongCode; 
                            }
                            pSrc++;

                            // extra byte 
                            charCount--;
                        } 
                    } 
                    else {
                        // 2 byte encoding 

                        //
                        if ((ch & 0x1E) == 0) {
                            goto BadLongCode; 
                        }
                    } 
 
                    // extra byte
                    charCount--; 
                }
#endif // FASTLOOP

                // no pending bits at this point 
                ch = 0;
                continue; 
 
            BadLongCode:
                pSrc -= 2; 
                ch = 0;
                continue;
            }
 
            // May have a problem if we have to flush
            if (ch != 0) 
            { 
                // We were already adjusting for these, so need to unadjust
                charCount += (ch >> 30); 
                if (baseDecoder == null || baseDecoder.MustFlush)
                {
                    // Have to do fallback for invalid bytes
                    if (fallback == null) 
                    {
                        if (baseDecoder == null) 
                            fallback = this.decoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer(); 
                        else
                            fallback = baseDecoder.FallbackBuffer; 
                        fallback.InternalInitialize(bytes, null);
                    }
                    charCount += FallbackInvalidByteSequence(pSrc, ch, fallback);
                } 
            }
 
            // Shouldn't have anything in fallback buffer for GetCharCount 
            // (don't have to
            BCLDebug.Assert(fallback == null || fallback.Remaining == 0, 
                "[UTF8Encoding.GetCharCount]Expected empty fallback buffer at end");

            return charCount;
        } 

        // WARNING:  If we throw an error, then System.Resources.ResourceReader calls this method. 
        //           So if we're really broken, then that could also throw an error... recursively. 
        //           So try to make sure GetChars can at least process all uses by
        //           System.Resources.ResourceReader! 
        //
        // Note:  We throw exceptions on individually encoded surrogates and other non-shortest forms.
        //        If exceptions aren't turned on, then we drop all non-shortest &individual surrogates.
        // 
        // To simplify maintenance, the structure of GetCharCount and GetChars should be
        // kept the same as much as possible 
        internal override unsafe int GetChars(byte* bytes, int byteCount, 
                                                char* chars, int charCount, DecoderNLS baseDecoder)
        { 
            BCLDebug.Assert(chars!=null, "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]chars!=null");
            BCLDebug.Assert(byteCount >=0, "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]count >=0");
            BCLDebug.Assert(charCount >=0, "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]charCount >=0");
            BCLDebug.Assert(bytes!=null, "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]bytes!=null"); 

            byte *pSrc = bytes; 
            char *pTarget = chars; 

            byte *pEnd = pSrc+byteCount; 
            char *pAllocatedBufferEnd = pTarget+charCount;

            int ch = 0;
 
            DecoderFallbackBuffer fallback = null;
            if (baseDecoder != null) { 
                UTF8Decoder decoder = (UTF8Decoder)baseDecoder; 
                ch = decoder.bits;
 
                // Shouldn't have anything in fallback buffer for GetChars
                // (don't have to
                BCLDebug.Assert(!decoder.InternalHasFallbackBuffer || decoder.FallbackBuffer.Remaining == 0,
                    "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Expected empty fallback buffer at start"); 
            }
 
            for (;;) 
            {
                // SLOWLOOP: does all range checks, handles all special cases, but it is slow 

                if (pSrc >= pEnd) {
                    break;
                } 

                if (ch == 0) { 
                    // no pending bits 
                    goto ReadChar;
                } 

                // read next byte. The JIT optimization seems to be getting confused when
                // compiling "ch = *pSrc++;", so rather use "ch = *pSrc; pSrc++;" instead
                int cha = *pSrc; 
                pSrc++;
 
                // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv 
                if ((cha & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80) {
                    // This can be a valid starting byte for another UTF8 byte sequence, so let's put 
                    // the current byte back, and try to see if this is a valid byte for another UTF8 byte sequence
                    pSrc--;
                    goto InvalidByteSequence;
                } 

                // fold in the new byte 
                ch = (ch << 6) | (cha & 0x3F); 

                if ((ch & FinalByte) == 0) { 
                    // Not at last byte yet
                    BCLDebug.Assert( (ch & (SupplimentarySeq | ThreeByteSeq)) != 0,
                        "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Invariant volation");
 
                    if ((ch & SupplimentarySeq) != 0) {
                        // Its a 4-byte supplimentary sequence 
                        if ((ch & (FinalByte >> 6)) != 0) { 
                            // this is 3rd byte of 4 byte sequence - nothing to do
                            continue; 
                        }

                        // 2nd byte of 4 bytes
                        // 

                        if (!InRange(ch & 0x1F0, 0x10, 0x100)) { 
                            goto InvalidByteSequence; 
                        }
                    } 
                    else {
                        // Must be 2nd byte of a 3-byte sequence
                        //
                        if ((ch & (0x1F << 5)) == 0 ||                  // non-shortest form 
                            (ch & (0xF800 >> 6) ) == (0xD800 >> 6))     // illegal individually encoded surrogate
                        { 
                            goto InvalidByteSequence; 
                        }
                    } 
                    continue;
                }

                // ready to punch 

                // surrogate in shortest form? 
                // Might be possible to get rid of this?  Already did non-shortest 
                if ((ch & (SupplimentarySeq | 0x1F0000)) > SupplimentarySeq) {
                    // let the range 
                    if (pTarget < pAllocatedBufferEnd) {
                        *pTarget = (char)( ((ch >> 10) & 0x7FF) +
                            unchecked((short)((CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START - (0x10000 >> 10)))) );
                        pTarget++; 

                        ch = (ch & 0x3FF) + 
                            unchecked((int)(CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START)); 
                    }
                } 

                goto EncodeChar;

            InvalidByteSequence: 
                // this code fragment should be close to the gotos referencing it
                // Have to do fallback for invalid bytes 
                if (fallback == null) 
                {
                    if (baseDecoder == null) 
                        fallback = this.decoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer();
                    else
                        fallback = baseDecoder.FallbackBuffer;
                    fallback.InternalInitialize(bytes, pAllocatedBufferEnd); 
                }
                // This'll back us up the appropriate # of bytes if we didn't get anywhere 
                if (!FallbackInvalidByteSequence(ref pSrc, ch, fallback, ref pTarget)) 
                {
                    // Ran out of buffer space 
                    // Need to throw an exception?
                    BCLDebug.Assert(pSrc >= bytes || pTarget == chars,
                        "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Expected to throw or remain in byte buffer after fallback");
                    fallback.InternalReset(); 
                    ThrowCharsOverflow(baseDecoder, pTarget == chars);
                    ch = 0; 
                    break; 
                }
                BCLDebug.Assert(pSrc >= bytes, 
                    "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Expected invalid byte sequence to have remained within the byte array");
                ch = 0;
                continue;
 
            ReadChar:
                ch = *pSrc; 
                pSrc++; 

            ProcessChar: 
                if (ch > 0x7F) {
                    // If its > 0x7F, its start of a new multi-byte sequence

                    // bit 6 has to be non-zero 
                    if ((ch & 0x40) == 0) {
                        goto InvalidByteSequence; 
                    } 

                    // start a new long code 
                    if ((ch & 0x20) != 0) {
                        if ((ch & 0x10) != 0) {
                            // 4 byte encoding - supplimentary character (2 surrogates)
 
                            ch &= 0x0F;
 
                            // 

                            if (ch > 0x04) { 
                                ch |= 0xf0;
                                goto InvalidByteSequence;
                            }
 
                            ch |= (FinalByte >> 3*6) | (1 << 30) | (3 << (30-2*6)) |
                                (SupplimentarySeq) | (SupplimentarySeq >> 6) | 
                                (SupplimentarySeq >> 2*6) | (SupplimentarySeq >> 3*6); 
                        }
                        else { 
                            // 3 byte encoding
                            ch = (ch & 0x0F) | ( (FinalByte >> 2*6) | (1 << 30) |
                                (ThreeByteSeq) | (ThreeByteSeq >> 6) | (ThreeByteSeq >> 2*6) );
                        } 
                    }
                    else { 
                        // 2 byte encoding 

                        ch &= 0x1F; 

                        //
                        if (ch <= 1) {
                            ch |= 0xc0; 
                            goto InvalidByteSequence;
                        } 
 
                        ch |= (FinalByte >> 6);
                    } 
                    continue;
                }

            EncodeChar: 
                // write the pending character
                if (pTarget >= pAllocatedBufferEnd) 
                { 
                    // Fix chars so we make sure to throw if we didn't output anything
                    ch &= 0x1fffff; 
                    if (ch > 0x7f)
                    {
                        if (ch > 0x7ff)
                        { 
                            if (ch >= CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START &&
                                ch <= CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_END) 
                            { 
                                pSrc--;     // It was 4 bytes
                                pTarget--;  // 1 was stored already, but we can't remember 1/2, so back up 
                            }
                            else if (ch > 0xffff)
                            {
                                pSrc--;     // It was 4 bytes, nothing was stored 
                            }
                            pSrc--;         // It was at least 3 bytes 
                        } 
                        pSrc--;             // It was at least 2 bytes
                    } 
                    pSrc--;

                    // Throw that we don't have enough room (pSrc could be < chars if we had started to process
                    // a 4 byte sequence alredy) 
                    BCLDebug.Assert(pSrc >= bytes || pTarget == chars,
                        "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Expected pSrc to be within input buffer or throw due to no output]"); 
                    ThrowCharsOverflow(baseDecoder, pTarget == chars); 

                    // Don't store ch in decoder, we already backed up to its start 
                    ch = 0;

                    // Didn't throw, just use this buffer size.
                    break; 
                }
                *pTarget = (char)ch; 
                pTarget++; 

#if FASTLOOP 
                int availableChars = PtrDiff(pAllocatedBufferEnd, pTarget);
                int availableBytes = PtrDiff(pEnd, pSrc);

                // don't fall into the fast decoding loop if we don't have enough bytes 
                // Test for availableChars is done because pStop would be <= pTarget.
                if (availableBytes <= 13) { 
                    // we may need as many as 1 character per byte 
                    if (availableChars < availableBytes) {
                        // not enough output room.  no pending bits at this point 
                        ch = 0;
                        continue;
                    }
 
                    // try to get over the remainder of the ascii characters fast though
                    byte* pLocalEnd = pEnd; // hint to get pLocalEnd enregistered 
                    while (pSrc < pLocalEnd) { 
                        ch = *pSrc;
                        pSrc++; 

                        if (ch > 0x7F)
                            goto ProcessChar;
 
                        *pTarget = (char)ch;
                        pTarget++; 
                    } 
                    // we are done
                    ch = 0; 
                    break;
                }

                // we may need as many as 1 character per byte, so reduce the byte count if necessary. 
                // If availableChars is too small, pStop will be before pTarget and we won't do fast loop.
                if (availableChars < availableBytes) { 
                    availableBytes = availableChars; 
                }
 
                // To compute the upper bound, assume that all characters are ASCII characters at this point,
                //  the boundary will be decreased for every non-ASCII character we encounter
                // Also, we need 7 chars reserve for the unrolled ansi decoding loop and for decoding of multibyte sequences
                char *pStop = pTarget + availableBytes - 7; 

                while (pTarget < pStop) { 
                    ch = *pSrc; 
                    pSrc++;
 
                    if (ch > 0x7F) {
                        goto LongCode;
                    }
                    *pTarget = (char)ch; 
                    pTarget++;
 
                    // get pSrc to be 2-byte aligned 
                    if ((unchecked((int)pSrc) & 0x1) != 0) {
                        ch = *pSrc; 
                        pSrc++;
                        if (ch > 0x7F) {
                            goto LongCode;
                        } 
                        *pTarget = (char)ch;
                        pTarget++; 
                    } 

                    // get pSrc to be 4-byte aligned 
                    if ((unchecked((int)pSrc) & 0x2) != 0) {
                        ch = *(ushort*)pSrc;
                        if ((ch & 0x8080) != 0) {
                            goto LongCodeWithMask16; 
                        }
 
                        // Unfortunately, this is endianess sensitive 
#if BIGENDIAN
                        *pTarget = (char)((ch >> 8) & 0x7F); 
                        pSrc += 2;
                        *(pTarget+1) = (char)(ch & 0x7F);
                        pTarget += 2;
#else // BIGENDIAN 
                        *pTarget = (char)(ch & 0x7F);
                        pSrc += 2; 
                        *(pTarget+1) = (char)((ch >> 8) & 0x7F); 
                        pTarget += 2;
#endif // BIGENDIAN 
                    }

                    // Run 8 characters at a time!
                    while (pTarget < pStop) { 
                        ch = *(int*)pSrc;
                        int chb = *(int*)(pSrc+4); 
                        if (((ch | chb) & unchecked((int)0x80808080)) != 0) { 
                            goto LongCodeWithMask32;
                        } 

                        // Unfortunately, this is endianess sensitive
#if BIGENDIAN
                        *pTarget = (char)((ch >> 24) & 0x7F); 
                        *(pTarget+1) = (char)((ch >> 16) & 0x7F);
                        *(pTarget+2) = (char)((ch >> 8) & 0x7F); 
                        *(pTarget+3) = (char)(ch & 0x7F); 
                        pSrc += 8;
                        *(pTarget+4) = (char)((chb >> 24) & 0x7F); 
                        *(pTarget+5) = (char)((chb >> 16) & 0x7F);
                        *(pTarget+6) = (char)((chb >> 8) & 0x7F);
                        *(pTarget+7) = (char)(chb & 0x7F);
                        pTarget += 8; 
#else // BIGENDIAN
                        *pTarget = (char)(ch & 0x7F); 
                        *(pTarget+1) = (char)((ch >> 8) & 0x7F); 
                        *(pTarget+2) = (char)((ch >> 16) & 0x7F);
                        *(pTarget+3) = (char)((ch >> 24) & 0x7F); 
                        pSrc += 8;
                        *(pTarget+4) = (char)(chb & 0x7F);
                        *(pTarget+5) = (char)((chb >> 8) & 0x7F);
                        *(pTarget+6) = (char)((chb >> 16) & 0x7F); 
                        *(pTarget+7) = (char)((chb >> 24) & 0x7F);
                        pTarget += 8; 
#endif // BIGENDIAN 
                    }
                    break; 

#if BIGENDIAN
                LongCodeWithMask32:
                    // be careful about the sign extension 
                    ch = (int)(((uint)ch) >> 16);
                LongCodeWithMask16: 
                    ch = (int)(((uint)ch) >> 8); 
#else // BIGENDIAN
                LongCodeWithMask32: 
                LongCodeWithMask16:
                    ch &= 0xFF;
#endif // BIGENDIAN
                    pSrc++; 
                    if (ch <= 0x7F) {
                        *pTarget = (char)ch; 
                        pTarget++; 
                        continue;
                    } 

                LongCode:
                    int chc = *pSrc;
                    pSrc++; 

                    if ( 
                        // bit 6 has to be zero 
                        (ch & 0x40) == 0 ||
                        // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv 
                        (chc & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80)
                    {
                        goto BadLongCode;
                    } 

                    chc &= 0x3F; 
 
                    // start a new long code
                    if ((ch & 0x20) != 0) { 

                        // fold the first two bytes together
                        chc |= (ch & 0x0F) << 6;
 
                        if ((ch & 0x10) != 0) {
                            // 4 byte encoding - surrogate 
                            ch = *pSrc; 
                            if (
                                // 

                                !InRange(chc >> 4, 0x01, 0x10) ||
                                // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv
                                (ch & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80 ) 
                            {
                                goto BadLongCode; 
                            } 

                            chc = (chc << 6) | (ch & 0x3F); 

                            ch = *(pSrc+1);
                            // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv
                            if ((ch & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80) { 
                                goto BadLongCode;
                            } 
                            pSrc += 2; 

                            ch = (chc << 6) | (ch & 0x3F); 

                            *pTarget = (char)( ((ch >> 10) & 0x7FF) +
                                unchecked((short)(CharUnicodeInfo.HIGH_SURROGATE_START - (0x10000 >> 10))) );
                            pTarget++; 

                            ch = (ch & 0x3FF) + 
                                unchecked((short)(CharUnicodeInfo.LOW_SURROGATE_START)); 

                            // extra byte, we're already planning 2 chars for 2 of these bytes, 
                            // but the big loop is testing the target against pStop, so we need
                            // to subtract 2 more or we risk overrunning the input.  Subtract
                            // one here and one below.
                            pStop--; 
                        }
                        else { 
                            // 3 byte encoding 
                            ch = *pSrc;
                            if ( 
                                //
                                (chc & (0x1F << 5)) == 0 ||
                                // Can't have surrogates here.
                                (chc & (0xF800 >> 6) ) == (0xD800 >> 6) || 
                                // we are expecting to see trailing bytes like 10vvvvvv
                                (ch & unchecked((sbyte)0xC0)) != 0x80 ) 
                            { 
                                goto BadLongCode;
                            } 
                            pSrc++;

                            ch = (chc << 6) | (ch & 0x3F);
 
                            // extra byte, we're only expecting 1 char for each of these 3 bytes,
                            // but the loop is testing the target (not source) against pStop, so 
                            // we need to subtract 2 more or we risk overrunning the input. 
                            // Subtract 1 here and one more below
                            pStop--; 
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        // 2 byte encoding 

                        ch &= 0x1F; 
 
                        //
                        if (ch <= 1) { 
                            goto BadLongCode;
                        }
                        ch = (ch << 6) | chc;
                    } 

                    *pTarget = (char)ch; 
                    pTarget++; 

                    // extra byte, we're only expecting 1 char for each of these 2 bytes, 
                    // but the loop is testing the target (not source) against pStop.
                    // subtract an extra count from pStop so that we don't overrun the input.
                    pStop--;
                } 
#endif // FASTLOOP
 
                BCLDebug.Assert(pTarget <= pAllocatedBufferEnd, "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]pTarget <= pAllocatedBufferEnd"); 

                // no pending bits at this point 
                ch = 0;
                continue;

            BadLongCode: 
                pSrc -= 2;
                ch = 0; 
                continue; 
            }
 
            if (ch != 0 && (baseDecoder == null || baseDecoder.MustFlush))
            {
                // Have to do fallback for invalid bytes
                if (fallback == null) 
                {
                    if (baseDecoder == null) 
                        fallback = this.decoderFallback.CreateFallbackBuffer(); 
                    else
                        fallback = baseDecoder.FallbackBuffer; 
                    fallback.InternalInitialize(bytes, pAllocatedBufferEnd);
                }

                // This'll back us up the appropriate # of bytes if we didn't get anywhere 
                if (!FallbackInvalidByteSequence(ref pSrc, ch, fallback, ref pTarget))
                { 
                    BCLDebug.Assert(pSrc >= bytes || pTarget == chars, 
                        "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Expected to throw or remain in byte buffer while flushing");
 
                    // Ran out of buffer space
                    // Need to throw an exception?
                    fallback.InternalReset();
                    ThrowCharsOverflow(baseDecoder, pTarget == chars); 
                }
                BCLDebug.Assert(pSrc >= bytes, 
                    "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Expected flushing invalid byte sequence to have remained within the byte array"); 
                ch = 0;
            } 

            if (baseDecoder != null)
            {
                UTF8Decoder decoder = (UTF8Decoder)baseDecoder; 

                // If we're storing flush data we expect all bits to be used or else 
                // we're stuck in the middle of a conversion 
                BCLDebug.Assert(!baseDecoder.MustFlush || ch == 0 || !baseDecoder.m_throwOnOverflow,
                    "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Expected no must flush or no left over bits or no throw on overflow."); 

                // Remember our leftover bits.
                decoder.bits = ch;
 
                baseDecoder.m_bytesUsed = (int)(pSrc - bytes);
            } 
 
            // Shouldn't have anything in fallback buffer for GetChars
            // (don't have to 
            BCLDebug.Assert(fallback == null || fallback.Remaining == 0,
                "[UTF8Encoding.GetChars]Expected empty fallback buffer at end");

            return PtrDiff(pTarget, chars); 
        }
 
        // During GetChars we had an invalid byte sequence 
        // pSrc is backed up to the start of the bad sequence if we didn't have room to
        // fall it back.  Otherwise pSrc remains wher it is. 
        private unsafe bool FallbackInvalidByteSequence(
            ref byte* pSrc, int ch, DecoderFallbackBuffer fallback, ref char* pTarget)
        {
            // Get our byte[] 
            byte *pStart = pSrc;
            byte[] bytesUnknown = GetBytesUnknown(ref pStart, ch); 
 
            // Do the actual fallback
            if (!fallback.InternalFallback(bytesUnknown, pSrc, ref pTarget)) 
            {
                // Oops, it failed, back up to pStart
                pSrc = pStart;
                return false; 
            }
 
            // It worked 
            return true;
        } 

        // During GetCharCount we had an invalid byte sequence
        // pSrc is used to find the index that points to the invalid bytes,
        // however the byte[] contains the fallback bytes (in case the index is -1) 
        private unsafe int FallbackInvalidByteSequence(
            byte* pSrc, int ch, DecoderFallbackBuffer fallback) 
        { 
            // Get our byte[]
            byte[] bytesUnknown = GetBytesUnknown(ref pSrc, ch); 

            // Do the actual fallback
            int count = fallback.InternalFallback(bytesUnknown, pSrc);
 
            // # of fallback chars expected.
            // Note that we only get here for "long" sequences, and have already unreserved 
            // the count that we prereserved for the input bytes 
            return count;
        } 

        // Note that some of these bytes may have come from a previous fallback, so we cannot
        // just decrement the pointer and use the values we read.  In those cases we have
        // to regenerate the original values. 
        private unsafe byte[] GetBytesUnknown(ref byte* pSrc, int ch)
        { 
            // Get our byte[] 
            byte[] bytesUnknown = null;
 
            // See if it was a plain char
            // (have to
            if (ch < 0x100 && ch >= 0)
            { 
                pSrc--;
                bytesUnknown = new byte[] { unchecked((byte)ch) }; 
            } 
            // See if its an unfinished 2 byte sequence
            else if ((ch & (SupplimentarySeq | ThreeByteSeq)) == 0) 
            {
                pSrc--;
                bytesUnknown = new byte[] { unchecked((byte)((ch & 0x1F )| 0xc0)) };
            } 
            // So now we're either 2nd byte of 3 or 4 byte sequence or
            // we hit a non-trail byte or we ran out of space for 3rd byte of 4 byte sequence 
            // 1st 
            else if ((ch & SupplimentarySeq) != 0)
            { 
                //  3rd byte of 4 byte sequence?
                if ((ch & (FinalByte >> 6)) != 0)
                {
                    // 3rd byte of 4 byte sequence 
                    pSrc-=3;
                    bytesUnknown = new byte[] { 
                        unchecked((byte)(((ch >> 12) & 0x07) | 0xF0)), 
                        unchecked((byte)(((ch >> 6) & 0x3F) | 0x80)),
                        unchecked((byte)(((ch) & 0x3F) | 0x80)) }; 
                }
                else if ((ch & (FinalByte >> 12)) != 0)
                {
                    // 2nd byte of a 4 byte sequence 
                    pSrc-=2;
                    bytesUnknown = new byte[] { 
                        unchecked((byte)(((ch >> 6) & 0x07) | 0xF0)), 
                        unchecked((byte)(((ch) & 0x3F) | 0x80)) };
                } 
                else
                {
                    // 4th byte of a 4 byte sequence
                    pSrc--; 
                    bytesUnknown = new byte[] { unchecked((byte)(((ch) & 0x07) | 0xF0))};
                } 
            } 
            else
            { 
                // 2nd byte of 3 byte sequence?
                if ((ch & (FinalByte >> 6)) != 0)
                {
                    // So its 2nd byte of a 3 byte sequence 
                    pSrc-=2;
                    bytesUnknown = new byte[] { 
                        unchecked((byte)(((ch >> 6) & 0x0F) | 0xE0)), unchecked ((byte)(((ch) & 0x3F) | 0x80)) }; 
                }
                else 
                {
                    // 1st byte of a 3 byte sequence
                    pSrc--;
                    bytesUnknown = new byte[] { unchecked((byte)(((ch) & 0x0F) | 0xE0))}; 
                }
            } 
 
            return bytesUnknown;
        } 


        public override Decoder GetDecoder() {
            return new UTF8Decoder(this); 
        }
 
 
        public override Encoder GetEncoder() {
            return new UTF8Encoder(this); 
        }


        public override int GetMaxByteCount(int charCount) 
        {
            if (charCount < 0) 
               throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("charCount", 
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
 
            // Characters would be # of characters + 1 in case left over high surrogate is ? * max fallback
            long byteCount = (long)charCount + 1;

            if (EncoderFallback.MaxCharCount > 1) 
                byteCount *= EncoderFallback.MaxCharCount;
 
            // Max 3 bytes per char.  (4 bytes per 2 chars for surrogates) 
            byteCount *= 3;
 
            if (byteCount > 0x7fffffff)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("charCount", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GetByteCountOverflow"));

            return (int)byteCount; 
        }
 
 
        public override int GetMaxCharCount(int byteCount)
        { 
            if (byteCount < 0)
               throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("byteCount",
                    Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
 
            // Figure out our length, 1 char per input byte + 1 char if 1st byte is last byte of 4 byte surrogate pair
            long charCount = ((long)byteCount + 1); 
 
            // Non-shortest form would fall back, so get max count from fallback.
            // So would 11... followed by 11..., so you could fall back every byte 
            if (DecoderFallback.MaxCharCount > 1)
            {
                charCount *= DecoderFallback.MaxCharCount;
            } 

            if (charCount > 0x7fffffff) 
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("byteCount", Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_GetCharCountOverflow")); 

            return (int)charCount; 
        }


        public override byte[] GetPreamble() 
        {
            if (emitUTF8Identifier) { 
                // Allocate new array to prevent users from modifying it. 
                return new byte[3] { 0xEF, 0xBB, 0xBF };
            } 
            else
                return Encoding.emptyByteArray;
        }
 

        public override bool Equals(Object value) { 
            UTF8Encoding that = value as UTF8Encoding; 
            if (that != null) {
                return (emitUTF8Identifier == that.emitUTF8Identifier) && 
//                       (isThrowException == that.isThrowException) && // Same as encoder/decoderfallbacks being exception
                       (EncoderFallback.Equals(that.EncoderFallback)) &&
                       (DecoderFallback.Equals(that.DecoderFallback));
            } 
            return (false);
        } 
 

        public override int GetHashCode() { 
            //Not great distribution, but this is relatively unlikely to be used as the key in a hashtable.
            return this.EncoderFallback.GetHashCode() + this.DecoderFallback.GetHashCode() +
                   UTF8_CODEPAGE + (emitUTF8Identifier?1:0);
        } 

        [Serializable] 
        internal class UTF8Encoder : EncoderNLS, ISerializable 
        {
            // We must save a high surrogate value until the next call, looking 
            // for a low surrogate value.
            internal int surrogateChar;

            public UTF8Encoder(UTF8Encoding encoding) : base(encoding) 
            {
                // base calls reset 
            } 

            // Constructor called by serialization, have to handle deserializing from Everett 
            internal UTF8Encoder(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
            {
                // Any info?
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

                // Get common info 
                this.m_encoding = (Encoding)info.GetValue("encoding", typeof(Encoding)); 

                // SurrogateChar happens to mean the same thing 
                this.surrogateChar = (int)info.GetValue("surrogateChar", typeof(int));

                try
                { 
                    this.m_fallback = (EncoderFallback) info.GetValue("m_fallback", typeof(EncoderFallback));
                } 
                catch (SerializationException) 
                {
                    this.m_fallback = null; 
                }
            }

            // ISerializable implementation, get data for this object 
            [SecurityPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)]
            void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            { 
                // Any info?
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

                // Save Whidbey data
                // Just need Everett maxCharSize (BaseCodePageEncoding) or m_maxByteSize (MLangBaseCodePageEncoding)
                info.AddValue("encoding", this.m_encoding); 
                info.AddValue("surrogateChar", this.surrogateChar);
 
                info.AddValue("m_fallback", this.m_fallback); 

                // Extra stuff for Everett that Whidbey doesn't use 
                info.AddValue("storedSurrogate", this.surrogateChar > 0 ? true : false);
                info.AddValue("mustFlush", false);  // Everett doesn't actually use this either, but it accidently serialized it!
            }
 
            public override void Reset()
 
            { 
                this.surrogateChar = 0;
                if (m_fallbackBuffer != null) 
                    m_fallbackBuffer.Reset();
            }

            // Anything left in our encoder? 
            internal override bool HasState
            { 
                get 
                {
                    return (this.surrogateChar != 0); 
                }
            }
        }
 
        [Serializable()]
        internal class UTF8Decoder : DecoderNLS, ISerializable 
        { 
            // We'll need to remember the previous information. See the comments around definition
            // of FinalByte for details. 
            internal int bits;

            public UTF8Decoder(UTF8Encoding encoding) : base(encoding)
            { 
                // base calls reset
            } 
 
            // Constructor called by serialization, have to handle deserializing from Everett
            internal UTF8Decoder(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            {
                // Any info?
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
 
                // Get common info
                this.m_encoding = (Encoding)info.GetValue("encoding", typeof(Encoding)); 
 
                try
                { 
                    // Get whidbey version of bits
                    this.bits = (int)info.GetValue("wbits", typeof(int));
                    this.m_fallback = (DecoderFallback) info.GetValue("m_fallback", typeof(DecoderFallback));
                } 
                catch (SerializationException)
                { 
                    // Everett calls bits bits instead of wbits, so this is Everett 
                    this.bits = 0;
                    this.m_fallback = null; 
                }
            }

            // ISerializable implementation, get data for this object 
            [SecurityPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)]
            void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) 
            { 
                // Any info?
                if (info==null) throw new ArgumentNullException("info"); 

                // Save new Whidbey data
                info.AddValue("encoding", this.m_encoding);
                info.AddValue("wbits", this.bits);          // Special whidbey bits name 
                info.AddValue("m_fallback", this.m_fallback);
 
                // Everett has extra stuff, we set it all to 0 in case this deserializes in Everett 
                info.AddValue("bits", (int)0);
                info.AddValue("trailCount", (int)0); 
                info.AddValue("isSurrogate", false);
                info.AddValue("byteSequence", (int)0);
            }
 
            public override void Reset()
            { 
                this.bits = 0; 
                if (m_fallbackBuffer != null)
                    m_fallbackBuffer.Reset(); 
            }

            // Anything left in our decoder?
            internal override bool HasState 
            {
                get 
                { 
                    return (this.bits != 0);
                } 
            }
        }
    }
} 

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


                        

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