HttpEncoder.cs source code in C# .NET

Source code for the .NET framework in C#

                        

Code:

/ 4.0 / 4.0 / DEVDIV_TFS / Dev10 / Releases / RTMRel / ndp / fx / src / xsp / System / Web / Util / HttpEncoder.cs / 1305376 / HttpEncoder.cs

                            //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
// 
//     Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
// 
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

/* 
 * Base class providing extensibility hooks for custom encoding / decoding 
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation 
 */

namespace System.Web.Util {
    using System; 
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis; 
    using System.Globalization; 
    using System.IO;
    using System.Linq; 
    using System.Net;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading;
    using System.Web; 
    using System.Web.Configuration;
 
    public class HttpEncoder { 

        private static HttpEncoder _customEncoder; 
        private static bool _isDefaultEncoder = true;

        private static readonly Lazy _customEncoderResolver =
            new Lazy(GetCustomEncoderFromConfig); 

        private static readonly HttpEncoder _defaultEncoder = new HttpEncoder(); 
 
        private static readonly string[] _headerEncodingTable = new string[] {
            "%00", "%01", "%02", "%03", "%04", "%05", "%06", "%07", 
            "%08", "%09", "%0a", "%0b", "%0c", "%0d", "%0e", "%0f",
            "%10", "%11", "%12", "%13", "%14", "%15", "%16", "%17",
            "%18", "%19", "%1a", "%1b", "%1c", "%1d", "%1e", "%1f"
        }; 

        public static HttpEncoder Current { 
            get { 
                // always use the fallback encoder when rendering an error page so that we can at least display *something*
                // to the user before closing the connection 

                HttpContext httpContext = HttpContext.Current;
                if (httpContext != null && httpContext.Response != null && httpContext.Response.DisableCustomHttpEncoder) {
                    return _defaultEncoder; 
                }
                else { 
                    if (_customEncoder == null) { 
                        _customEncoder = _customEncoderResolver.Value;
                    } 
                    return _customEncoder;
                }
            }
            set { 
                if (value == null) {
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("value"); 
                } 
                _customEncoder = value;
                _isDefaultEncoder = (value.GetType() == typeof(System.Web.Util.HttpEncoder)); 
            }
        }

        public static HttpEncoder Default { 
            get {
                return _defaultEncoder; 
            } 
        }
 
        private static void AppendCharAsUnicodeJavaScript(StringBuilder builder, char c) {
            builder.Append("\\u");
            builder.Append(((int)c).ToString("x4", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        } 

        internal static string CollapsePercentUFromStringInternal(string s, Encoding e) { 
            int count = s.Length; 
            UrlDecoder helper = new UrlDecoder(count, e);
 
            // go thorugh the string's chars collapsing just %uXXXX and
            // appending each char as char
            int loc = s.IndexOf("%u", StringComparison.Ordinal);
            if (loc == -1) { 
                return s;
            } 
 
            for (int pos = 0; pos < count; pos++) {
                char ch = s[pos]; 

                if (ch == '%' && pos < count - 5) {
                    if (s[pos + 1] == 'u') {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(s[pos + 2]); 
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(s[pos + 3]);
                        int h3 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(s[pos + 4]); 
                        int h4 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(s[pos + 5]); 

                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0 && h3 >= 0 && h4 >= 0) { //valid 4 hex chars 
                            ch = (char)((h1 << 12) | (h2 << 8) | (h3 << 4) | h4);
                            pos += 5;

                            // add as char 
                            helper.AddChar(ch);
                            continue; 
                        } 
                    }
                } 
                if ((ch & 0xFF80) == 0)
                    helper.AddByte((byte)ch); // 7 bit have to go as bytes because of Unicode
                else
                    helper.AddChar(ch); 
            }
            return helper.GetString(); 
        } 

        private static HttpEncoder GetCustomEncoderFromConfig() { 
            // App since this is static per AppDomain
            RuntimeConfig config = RuntimeConfig.GetAppConfig();
            HttpRuntimeSection runtimeSection = config.HttpRuntime;
            string encoderTypeName = runtimeSection.EncoderType; 

            // validate the type 
            Type encoderType = ConfigUtil.GetType(encoderTypeName, "encoderType", runtimeSection); 
            _isDefaultEncoder = (encoderType == typeof(System.Web.Util.HttpEncoder));
            ConfigUtil.CheckBaseType(typeof(HttpEncoder) /* expectedBaseType */, encoderType, "encoderType", runtimeSection); 

            // instantiate
            HttpEncoder encoder = (HttpEncoder)HttpRuntime.CreatePublicInstance(encoderType);
            return encoder; 
        }
 
        // Encode the header if it contains a CRLF pair 
        // VSWhidbey 257154
        private static string HeaderEncodeInternal(string value) { 
            string sanitizedHeader = value;
            if (HeaderValueNeedsEncoding(value)) {
                // DevDiv Bugs 146028
                // Denial Of Service scenarios involving 
                // control characters are possible.
                // We are encoding the following characters: 
                // - All CTL characters except HT (horizontal tab) 
                // - DEL character (\x7f)
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); 
                foreach (char c in value) {
                    if (c < 32 && c != 9) {
                        sb.Append(_headerEncodingTable[c]);
                    } 
                    else if (c == 127) {
                        sb.Append("%7f"); 
                    } 
                    else {
                        sb.Append(c); 
                    }
                }
                sanitizedHeader = sb.ToString();
            } 

            return sanitizedHeader; 
        } 

        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1021:AvoidOutParameters", 
                 Justification = "Input parameter strings are immutable, so this is an appropriate way to return multiple strings.")]
        protected internal virtual void HeaderNameValueEncode(string headerName, string headerValue, out string encodedHeaderName, out string encodedHeaderValue) {
            encodedHeaderName = (String.IsNullOrEmpty(headerName)) ? headerName : HeaderEncodeInternal(headerName);
            encodedHeaderValue = (String.IsNullOrEmpty(headerValue)) ? headerValue : HeaderEncodeInternal(headerValue); 
        }
 
        // Returns true if the string contains a control character (other than horizontal tab) or the DEL character. 
        private static bool HeaderValueNeedsEncoding(string value) {
            foreach (char c in value) { 
                if ((c < 32 && c != 9) || (c == 127)) {
                    return true;
                }
            } 
            return false;
        } 
 
        internal string HtmlAttributeEncode(string value) {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) { 
                return value;
            }

            if(_isDefaultEncoder) { 
                // Don't create string writer if we don't have nothing to encode
                int pos = IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(value, 0); 
                if (pos == -1) { 
                    return value;
                } 
            }

            StringWriter writer = new StringWriter(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            HtmlAttributeEncode(value, writer); 
            return writer.ToString();
        } 
 
        protected internal virtual void HtmlAttributeEncode(string value, TextWriter output) {
            if (value == null) { 
                return;
            }
            if (output == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("output"); 
            }
 
            // we have a special faster path for HttpWriter 
            HttpWriter httpWriter = output as HttpWriter;
            if (httpWriter != null) { 
                HtmlAttributeEncodeInternal(value, httpWriter);
            }
            else {
                HtmlAttributeEncodeInternal(value, output); 
            }
        } 
 
        private static void HtmlAttributeEncodeInternal(string value, HttpWriter writer) {
            int pos = IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(value, 0); 
            if (pos == -1) {
                writer.Write(value);
                return;
            } 

            int cch = value.Length; 
            int startPos = 0; 
            for (; ; ) {
                if (pos > startPos) { 
                    writer.WriteString(value, startPos, pos - startPos);
                }

                char ch = value[pos]; 
                switch (ch) {
                    case '"': 
                        writer.Write("""); 
                        break;
                    case '\'': 
                        writer.Write("'");
                        break;
                    case '&':
                        writer.Write("&"); 
                        break;
                    case '<': 
                        // Whidbey 32404: The character '<' is not valid in an XML attribute value. 
                        // (See the W3C XML rec).
                        writer.Write("<"); 
                        break;
                }

                startPos = pos + 1; 
                if (startPos >= cch)
                    break; 
 
                pos = IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(value, startPos);
                if (pos == -1) { 
                    writer.WriteString(value, startPos, cch - startPos);
                    break;
                }
            } 
        }
 
        private unsafe static void HtmlAttributeEncodeInternal(String s, TextWriter output) { 
            int index = IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(s, 0);
            if (index == -1) { 
                output.Write(s);
            }
            else {
                int cch = s.Length - index; 
                fixed (char* str = s) {
                    char* pch = str; 
                    while (index-- > 0) { 
                        output.Write(*pch++);
                    } 

                    while (cch-- > 0) {
                        char ch = *pch++;
                        if (ch <= '<') { 
                            switch (ch) {
                                case '<': 
                                    output.Write("<"); 
                                    break;
                                case '"': 
                                    output.Write(""");
                                    break;
                                case '\'':
                                    output.Write("'"); 
                                    break;
                                case '&': 
                                    output.Write("&"); 
                                    break;
                                default: 
                                    output.Write(ch);
                                    break;
                            }
                        } 
                        else {
                            output.Write(ch); 
                        } 
                    }
                } 
            }
        }

        internal string HtmlDecode(string value) { 
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
            { 
                return value; 
            }
 
            if(_isDefaultEncoder) {
                return WebUtility.HtmlDecode(value);
            }
 
            StringWriter writer = new StringWriter(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            HtmlDecode(value, writer); 
            return writer.ToString(); 
        }
 
        protected internal virtual void HtmlDecode(string value, TextWriter output) {
            WebUtility.HtmlDecode(value, output);
        }
 
        internal string HtmlEncode(string value) {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) 
            { 
                return value;
            } 

            if(_isDefaultEncoder) {
                return WebUtility.HtmlEncode(value);
            } 

            StringWriter writer = new StringWriter(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); 
            HtmlEncode(value, writer); 
            return writer.ToString();
        } 

        protected internal virtual void HtmlEncode(string value, TextWriter output) {
            WebUtility.HtmlEncode(value, output);
        } 

        private static unsafe int IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(string s, int startPos) { 
            Debug.Assert(0 <= startPos && startPos <= s.Length, "0 <= startPos && startPos <= s.Length"); 
            int cch = s.Length - startPos;
            fixed (char* str = s) { 
                for (char* pch = &str[startPos]; cch > 0; pch++, cch--) {
                    char ch = *pch;
                    if (ch <= '<') {
                        switch (ch) { 
                            case '<':
                            case '"': 
                            case '\'': 
                            case '&':
                                return s.Length - cch; 
                        }
                    }
                }
            } 

            return -1; 
        } 

        internal static void InitializeOnFirstRequest() { 
            // instantiate the encoder if it hasn't already been created
            HttpEncoder encoder = _customEncoderResolver.Value;
        }
 
        private static bool IsNonAsciiByte(byte b) {
            return (b >= 0x7F || b < 0x20); 
        } 

        internal string JavaScriptStringEncode(string value) { 
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) {
                return String.Empty;
            }
 
            StringBuilder b = null;
            int startIndex = 0; 
            int count = 0; 
            for (int i = 0; i < value.Length; i++) {
                char c = value[i]; 

                // Append the unhandled characters (that do not require special treament)
                // to the string builder when special characters are detected.
                if (c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == '\"' || c == '\'' || c == '<' || c == '>' || 
                    c == '\\' || c == '\n' || c == '\b' || c == '\f' || c < ' ') {
                    if (b == null) { 
                        b = new StringBuilder(value.Length + 5); 
                    }
 
                    if (count > 0) {
                        b.Append(value, startIndex, count);
                    }
 
                    startIndex = i + 1;
                    count = 0; 
                } 

                switch (c) { 
                    case '\r':
                        b.Append("\\r");
                        break;
                    case '\t': 
                        b.Append("\\t");
                        break; 
                    case '\"': 
                        b.Append("\\\"");
                        break; 
                    case '\\':
                        b.Append("\\\\");
                        break;
                    case '\n': 
                        b.Append("\\n");
                        break; 
                    case '\b': 
                        b.Append("\\b");
                        break; 
                    case '\f':
                        b.Append("\\f");
                        break;
                    case '\'': 
                    case '>':
                    case '<': 
                        AppendCharAsUnicodeJavaScript(b, c); 
                        break;
                    default: 
                        if (c < ' ') {
                            AppendCharAsUnicodeJavaScript(b, c);
                        }
                        else { 
                            count++;
                        } 
                        break; 
                }
            } 

            if (b == null) {
                return value;
            } 

            if (count > 0) { 
                b.Append(value, startIndex, count); 
            }
 
            return b.ToString();
        }

        internal byte[] UrlDecode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count) { 
            if (!ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(bytes, offset, count)) {
                return null; 
            } 

            int decodedBytesCount = 0; 
            byte[] decodedBytes = new byte[count];

            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                int pos = offset + i; 
                byte b = bytes[pos];
 
                if (b == '+') { 
                    b = (byte)' ';
                } 
                else if (b == '%' && i < count - 2) {
                    int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 1]);
                    int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 2]);
 
                    if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0) {     // valid 2 hex chars
                        b = (byte)((h1 << 4) | h2); 
                        i += 2; 
                    }
                } 

                decodedBytes[decodedBytesCount++] = b;
            }
 
            if (decodedBytesCount < decodedBytes.Length) {
                byte[] newDecodedBytes = new byte[decodedBytesCount]; 
                Array.Copy(decodedBytes, newDecodedBytes, decodedBytesCount); 
                decodedBytes = newDecodedBytes;
            } 

            return decodedBytes;
        }
 
        internal string UrlDecode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count, Encoding encoding) {
            if (!ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(bytes, offset, count)) { 
                return null; 
            }
 
            UrlDecoder helper = new UrlDecoder(count, encoding);

            // go through the bytes collapsing %XX and %uXXXX and appending
            // each byte as byte, with exception of %uXXXX constructs that 
            // are appended as chars
 
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                int pos = offset + i;
                byte b = bytes[pos]; 

                // The code assumes that + and % cannot be in multibyte sequence

                if (b == '+') { 
                    b = (byte)' ';
                } 
                else if (b == '%' && i < count - 2) { 
                    if (bytes[pos + 1] == 'u' && i < count - 5) {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 2]); 
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 3]);
                        int h3 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 4]);
                        int h4 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 5]);
 
                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0 && h3 >= 0 && h4 >= 0) {   // valid 4 hex chars
                            char ch = (char)((h1 << 12) | (h2 << 8) | (h3 << 4) | h4); 
                            i += 5; 

                            // don't add as byte 
                            helper.AddChar(ch);
                            continue;
                        }
                    } 
                    else {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 1]); 
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 2]); 

                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0) {     // valid 2 hex chars 
                            b = (byte)((h1 << 4) | h2);
                            i += 2;
                        }
                    } 
                }
 
                helper.AddByte(b); 
            }
 
            return helper.GetString();
        }

        internal string UrlDecode(string value, Encoding encoding) { 
            if (value == null) {
                return null; 
            } 

            int count = value.Length; 
            UrlDecoder helper = new UrlDecoder(count, encoding);

            // go through the string's chars collapsing %XX and %uXXXX and
            // appending each char as char, with exception of %XX constructs 
            // that are appended as bytes
 
            for (int pos = 0; pos < count; pos++) { 
                char ch = value[pos];
 
                if (ch == '+') {
                    ch = ' ';
                }
                else if (ch == '%' && pos < count - 2) { 
                    if (value[pos + 1] == 'u' && pos < count - 5) {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 2]); 
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 3]); 
                        int h3 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 4]);
                        int h4 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 5]); 

                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0 && h3 >= 0 && h4 >= 0) {   // valid 4 hex chars
                            ch = (char)((h1 << 12) | (h2 << 8) | (h3 << 4) | h4);
                            pos += 5; 

                            // only add as char 
                            helper.AddChar(ch); 
                            continue;
                        } 
                    }
                    else {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 1]);
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 2]); 

                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0) {     // valid 2 hex chars 
                            byte b = (byte)((h1 << 4) | h2); 
                            pos += 2;
 
                            // don't add as char
                            helper.AddByte(b);
                            continue;
                        } 
                    }
                } 
 
                if ((ch & 0xFF80) == 0)
                    helper.AddByte((byte)ch); // 7 bit have to go as bytes because of Unicode 
                else
                    helper.AddChar(ch);
            }
 
            return helper.GetString();
        } 
 
        internal byte[] UrlEncode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count, bool alwaysCreateNewReturnValue) {
            byte[] encoded = UrlEncode(bytes, offset, count); 

            return (alwaysCreateNewReturnValue && (encoded != null) && (encoded == bytes))
                ? (byte[])encoded.Clone()
                : encoded; 
        }
 
        protected internal virtual byte[] UrlEncode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count) { 
            if (!ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(bytes, offset, count)) {
                return null; 
            }

            int cSpaces = 0;
            int cUnsafe = 0; 

            // count them first 
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                char ch = (char)bytes[offset + i];
 
                if (ch == ' ')
                    cSpaces++;
                else if (!HttpEncoderUtility.IsUrlSafeChar(ch))
                    cUnsafe++; 
            }
 
            // nothing to expand? 
            if (cSpaces == 0 && cUnsafe == 0)
                return bytes; 

            // expand not 'safe' characters into %XX, spaces to +s
            byte[] expandedBytes = new byte[count + cUnsafe * 2];
            int pos = 0; 

            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                byte b = bytes[offset + i]; 
                char ch = (char)b;
 
                if (HttpEncoderUtility.IsUrlSafeChar(ch)) {
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = b;
                }
                else if (ch == ' ') { 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)'+';
                } 
                else { 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)'%';
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((b >> 4) & 0xf); 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex(b & 0x0f);
                }
            }
 
            return expandedBytes;
        } 
 
        //  Helper to encode the non-ASCII url characters only
        internal String UrlEncodeNonAscii(string str, Encoding e) { 
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(str))
                return str;
            if (e == null)
                e = Encoding.UTF8; 
            byte[] bytes = e.GetBytes(str);
            byte[] encodedBytes = UrlEncodeNonAscii(bytes, 0, bytes.Length, false /* alwaysCreateNewReturnValue */); 
            return Encoding.ASCII.GetString(encodedBytes); 
        }
 
        internal byte[] UrlEncodeNonAscii(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count, bool alwaysCreateNewReturnValue) {
            if (!ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(bytes, offset, count)) {
                return null;
            } 

            int cNonAscii = 0; 
 
            // count them first
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                if (IsNonAsciiByte(bytes[offset + i]))
                    cNonAscii++;
            }
 
            // nothing to expand?
            if (!alwaysCreateNewReturnValue && cNonAscii == 0) 
                return bytes; 

            // expand not 'safe' characters into %XX, spaces to +s 
            byte[] expandedBytes = new byte[count + cNonAscii * 2];
            int pos = 0;

            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                byte b = bytes[offset + i];
 
                if (IsNonAsciiByte(b)) { 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)'%';
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((b >> 4) & 0xf); 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex(b & 0x0f);
                }
                else {
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = b; 
                }
            } 
 
            return expandedBytes;
        } 

        internal string UrlEncodeUnicode(string value, bool ignoreAscii) {
            if (value == null) {
                return null; 
            }
 
            int l = value.Length; 
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(l);
 
            for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) {
                char ch = value[i];

                if ((ch & 0xff80) == 0) {  // 7 bit? 
                    if (ignoreAscii || HttpEncoderUtility.IsUrlSafeChar(ch)) {
                        sb.Append(ch); 
                    } 
                    else if (ch == ' ') {
                        sb.Append('+'); 
                    }
                    else {
                        sb.Append('%');
                        sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch >> 4) & 0xf)); 
                        sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch) & 0xf));
                    } 
                } 
                else { // arbitrary Unicode?
                    sb.Append("%u"); 
                    sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch >> 12) & 0xf));
                    sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch >> 8) & 0xf));
                    sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch >> 4) & 0xf));
                    sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch) & 0xf)); 
                }
            } 
 
            return sb.ToString();
        } 

        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1055:UriReturnValuesShouldNotBeStrings",
            Justification = "Does not represent an entire URL, just a portion.")]
        protected internal virtual string UrlPathEncode(string value) { 
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) {
                return value; 
            } 

            // recurse in case there is a query string 
            int i = value.IndexOf('?');
            if (i >= 0)
                return UrlPathEncode(value.Substring(0, i)) + value.Substring(i);
 
            // encode DBCS characters and spaces only
            return HttpEncoderUtility.UrlEncodeSpaces(UrlEncodeNonAscii(value, Encoding.UTF8)); 
        } 

        internal byte[] UrlTokenDecode(string input) { 
            if (input == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("input");

            int len = input.Length; 
            if (len < 1)
                return new byte[0]; 
 
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 1: Calculate the number of padding chars to append to this string. 
            //         The number of padding chars to append is stored in the last char of the string.
            int numPadChars = (int)input[len - 1] - (int)'0';
            if (numPadChars < 0 || numPadChars > 10)
                return null; 

 
            /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
            // Step 2: Create array to store the chars (not including the last char)
            //          and the padding chars 
            char[] base64Chars = new char[len - 1 + numPadChars];


            //////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
            // Step 3: Copy in the chars. Transform the "-" to "+", and "*" to "/"
            for (int iter = 0; iter < len - 1; iter++) { 
                char c = input[iter]; 

                switch (c) { 
                    case '-':
                        base64Chars[iter] = '+';
                        break;
 
                    case '_':
                        base64Chars[iter] = '/'; 
                        break; 

                    default: 
                        base64Chars[iter] = c;
                        break;
                }
            } 

            //////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
            // Step 4: Add padding chars 
            for (int iter = len - 1; iter < base64Chars.Length; iter++) {
                base64Chars[iter] = '='; 
            }

            // Do the actual conversion
            return Convert.FromBase64CharArray(base64Chars, 0, base64Chars.Length); 
        }
 
        internal string UrlTokenEncode(byte[] input) { 
            if (input == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("input"); 
            if (input.Length < 1)
                return String.Empty;

            string base64Str = null; 
            int endPos = 0;
            char[] base64Chars = null; 
 
            ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 1: Do a Base64 encoding 
            base64Str = Convert.ToBase64String(input);
            if (base64Str == null)
                return null;
 
            ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 2: Find how many padding chars are present in the end 
            for (endPos = base64Str.Length; endPos > 0; endPos--) { 
                if (base64Str[endPos - 1] != '=') // Found a non-padding char!
                { 
                    break; // Stop here
                }
            }
 
            ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 3: Create char array to store all non-padding chars, 
            //      plus a char to indicate how many padding chars are needed 
            base64Chars = new char[endPos + 1];
            base64Chars[endPos] = (char)((int)'0' + base64Str.Length - endPos); // Store a char at the end, to indicate how many padding chars are needed 

            ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 3: Copy in the other chars. Transform the "+" to "-", and "/" to "_"
            for (int iter = 0; iter < endPos; iter++) { 
                char c = base64Str[iter];
 
                switch (c) { 
                    case '+':
                        base64Chars[iter] = '-'; 
                        break;

                    case '/':
                        base64Chars[iter] = '_'; 
                        break;
 
                    case '=': 
                        Debug.Assert(false);
                        base64Chars[iter] = c; 
                        break;

                    default:
                        base64Chars[iter] = c; 
                        break;
                } 
            } 
            return new string(base64Chars);
        } 

        private static bool ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count) {
            if (bytes == null && count == 0)
                return false; 
            if (bytes == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes"); 
            } 
            if (offset < 0 || offset > bytes.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("offset"); 
            }
            if (count < 0 || offset + count > bytes.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
            } 

            return true; 
        } 

        // Internal class to facilitate URL decoding -- keeps char buffer and byte buffer, allows appending of either chars or bytes 
        private class UrlDecoder {
            private int _bufferSize;

            // Accumulate characters in a special array 
            private int _numChars;
            private char[] _charBuffer; 
 
            // Accumulate bytes for decoding into characters in a special array
            private int _numBytes; 
            private byte[] _byteBuffer;

            // Encoding to convert chars to bytes
            private Encoding _encoding; 

            private void FlushBytes() { 
                if (_numBytes > 0) { 
                    _numChars += _encoding.GetChars(_byteBuffer, 0, _numBytes, _charBuffer, _numChars);
                    _numBytes = 0; 
                }
            }

            internal UrlDecoder(int bufferSize, Encoding encoding) { 
                _bufferSize = bufferSize;
                _encoding = encoding; 
 
                _charBuffer = new char[bufferSize];
                // byte buffer created on demand 
            }

            internal void AddChar(char ch) {
                if (_numBytes > 0) 
                    FlushBytes();
 
                _charBuffer[_numChars++] = ch; 
            }
 
            internal void AddByte(byte b) {
                // if there are no pending bytes treat 7 bit bytes as characters
                // this optimization is temp disable as it doesn't work for some encodings
                /* 
                                if (_numBytes == 0 && ((b & 0x80) == 0)) {
                                    AddChar((char)b); 
                                } 
                                else
                */ 
                {
                    if (_byteBuffer == null)
                        _byteBuffer = new byte[_bufferSize];
 
                    _byteBuffer[_numBytes++] = b;
                } 
            } 

            internal String GetString() { 
                if (_numBytes > 0)
                    FlushBytes();

                if (_numChars > 0) 
                    return new String(_charBuffer, 0, _numChars);
                else 
                    return String.Empty; 
            }
        } 

    }
}

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
// 
//     Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
// 
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

/* 
 * Base class providing extensibility hooks for custom encoding / decoding 
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation 
 */

namespace System.Web.Util {
    using System; 
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis; 
    using System.Globalization; 
    using System.IO;
    using System.Linq; 
    using System.Net;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading;
    using System.Web; 
    using System.Web.Configuration;
 
    public class HttpEncoder { 

        private static HttpEncoder _customEncoder; 
        private static bool _isDefaultEncoder = true;

        private static readonly Lazy _customEncoderResolver =
            new Lazy(GetCustomEncoderFromConfig); 

        private static readonly HttpEncoder _defaultEncoder = new HttpEncoder(); 
 
        private static readonly string[] _headerEncodingTable = new string[] {
            "%00", "%01", "%02", "%03", "%04", "%05", "%06", "%07", 
            "%08", "%09", "%0a", "%0b", "%0c", "%0d", "%0e", "%0f",
            "%10", "%11", "%12", "%13", "%14", "%15", "%16", "%17",
            "%18", "%19", "%1a", "%1b", "%1c", "%1d", "%1e", "%1f"
        }; 

        public static HttpEncoder Current { 
            get { 
                // always use the fallback encoder when rendering an error page so that we can at least display *something*
                // to the user before closing the connection 

                HttpContext httpContext = HttpContext.Current;
                if (httpContext != null && httpContext.Response != null && httpContext.Response.DisableCustomHttpEncoder) {
                    return _defaultEncoder; 
                }
                else { 
                    if (_customEncoder == null) { 
                        _customEncoder = _customEncoderResolver.Value;
                    } 
                    return _customEncoder;
                }
            }
            set { 
                if (value == null) {
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("value"); 
                } 
                _customEncoder = value;
                _isDefaultEncoder = (value.GetType() == typeof(System.Web.Util.HttpEncoder)); 
            }
        }

        public static HttpEncoder Default { 
            get {
                return _defaultEncoder; 
            } 
        }
 
        private static void AppendCharAsUnicodeJavaScript(StringBuilder builder, char c) {
            builder.Append("\\u");
            builder.Append(((int)c).ToString("x4", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        } 

        internal static string CollapsePercentUFromStringInternal(string s, Encoding e) { 
            int count = s.Length; 
            UrlDecoder helper = new UrlDecoder(count, e);
 
            // go thorugh the string's chars collapsing just %uXXXX and
            // appending each char as char
            int loc = s.IndexOf("%u", StringComparison.Ordinal);
            if (loc == -1) { 
                return s;
            } 
 
            for (int pos = 0; pos < count; pos++) {
                char ch = s[pos]; 

                if (ch == '%' && pos < count - 5) {
                    if (s[pos + 1] == 'u') {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(s[pos + 2]); 
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(s[pos + 3]);
                        int h3 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(s[pos + 4]); 
                        int h4 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(s[pos + 5]); 

                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0 && h3 >= 0 && h4 >= 0) { //valid 4 hex chars 
                            ch = (char)((h1 << 12) | (h2 << 8) | (h3 << 4) | h4);
                            pos += 5;

                            // add as char 
                            helper.AddChar(ch);
                            continue; 
                        } 
                    }
                } 
                if ((ch & 0xFF80) == 0)
                    helper.AddByte((byte)ch); // 7 bit have to go as bytes because of Unicode
                else
                    helper.AddChar(ch); 
            }
            return helper.GetString(); 
        } 

        private static HttpEncoder GetCustomEncoderFromConfig() { 
            // App since this is static per AppDomain
            RuntimeConfig config = RuntimeConfig.GetAppConfig();
            HttpRuntimeSection runtimeSection = config.HttpRuntime;
            string encoderTypeName = runtimeSection.EncoderType; 

            // validate the type 
            Type encoderType = ConfigUtil.GetType(encoderTypeName, "encoderType", runtimeSection); 
            _isDefaultEncoder = (encoderType == typeof(System.Web.Util.HttpEncoder));
            ConfigUtil.CheckBaseType(typeof(HttpEncoder) /* expectedBaseType */, encoderType, "encoderType", runtimeSection); 

            // instantiate
            HttpEncoder encoder = (HttpEncoder)HttpRuntime.CreatePublicInstance(encoderType);
            return encoder; 
        }
 
        // Encode the header if it contains a CRLF pair 
        // VSWhidbey 257154
        private static string HeaderEncodeInternal(string value) { 
            string sanitizedHeader = value;
            if (HeaderValueNeedsEncoding(value)) {
                // DevDiv Bugs 146028
                // Denial Of Service scenarios involving 
                // control characters are possible.
                // We are encoding the following characters: 
                // - All CTL characters except HT (horizontal tab) 
                // - DEL character (\x7f)
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); 
                foreach (char c in value) {
                    if (c < 32 && c != 9) {
                        sb.Append(_headerEncodingTable[c]);
                    } 
                    else if (c == 127) {
                        sb.Append("%7f"); 
                    } 
                    else {
                        sb.Append(c); 
                    }
                }
                sanitizedHeader = sb.ToString();
            } 

            return sanitizedHeader; 
        } 

        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1021:AvoidOutParameters", 
                 Justification = "Input parameter strings are immutable, so this is an appropriate way to return multiple strings.")]
        protected internal virtual void HeaderNameValueEncode(string headerName, string headerValue, out string encodedHeaderName, out string encodedHeaderValue) {
            encodedHeaderName = (String.IsNullOrEmpty(headerName)) ? headerName : HeaderEncodeInternal(headerName);
            encodedHeaderValue = (String.IsNullOrEmpty(headerValue)) ? headerValue : HeaderEncodeInternal(headerValue); 
        }
 
        // Returns true if the string contains a control character (other than horizontal tab) or the DEL character. 
        private static bool HeaderValueNeedsEncoding(string value) {
            foreach (char c in value) { 
                if ((c < 32 && c != 9) || (c == 127)) {
                    return true;
                }
            } 
            return false;
        } 
 
        internal string HtmlAttributeEncode(string value) {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) { 
                return value;
            }

            if(_isDefaultEncoder) { 
                // Don't create string writer if we don't have nothing to encode
                int pos = IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(value, 0); 
                if (pos == -1) { 
                    return value;
                } 
            }

            StringWriter writer = new StringWriter(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            HtmlAttributeEncode(value, writer); 
            return writer.ToString();
        } 
 
        protected internal virtual void HtmlAttributeEncode(string value, TextWriter output) {
            if (value == null) { 
                return;
            }
            if (output == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("output"); 
            }
 
            // we have a special faster path for HttpWriter 
            HttpWriter httpWriter = output as HttpWriter;
            if (httpWriter != null) { 
                HtmlAttributeEncodeInternal(value, httpWriter);
            }
            else {
                HtmlAttributeEncodeInternal(value, output); 
            }
        } 
 
        private static void HtmlAttributeEncodeInternal(string value, HttpWriter writer) {
            int pos = IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(value, 0); 
            if (pos == -1) {
                writer.Write(value);
                return;
            } 

            int cch = value.Length; 
            int startPos = 0; 
            for (; ; ) {
                if (pos > startPos) { 
                    writer.WriteString(value, startPos, pos - startPos);
                }

                char ch = value[pos]; 
                switch (ch) {
                    case '"': 
                        writer.Write("""); 
                        break;
                    case '\'': 
                        writer.Write("'");
                        break;
                    case '&':
                        writer.Write("&"); 
                        break;
                    case '<': 
                        // Whidbey 32404: The character '<' is not valid in an XML attribute value. 
                        // (See the W3C XML rec).
                        writer.Write("<"); 
                        break;
                }

                startPos = pos + 1; 
                if (startPos >= cch)
                    break; 
 
                pos = IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(value, startPos);
                if (pos == -1) { 
                    writer.WriteString(value, startPos, cch - startPos);
                    break;
                }
            } 
        }
 
        private unsafe static void HtmlAttributeEncodeInternal(String s, TextWriter output) { 
            int index = IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(s, 0);
            if (index == -1) { 
                output.Write(s);
            }
            else {
                int cch = s.Length - index; 
                fixed (char* str = s) {
                    char* pch = str; 
                    while (index-- > 0) { 
                        output.Write(*pch++);
                    } 

                    while (cch-- > 0) {
                        char ch = *pch++;
                        if (ch <= '<') { 
                            switch (ch) {
                                case '<': 
                                    output.Write("<"); 
                                    break;
                                case '"': 
                                    output.Write(""");
                                    break;
                                case '\'':
                                    output.Write("'"); 
                                    break;
                                case '&': 
                                    output.Write("&"); 
                                    break;
                                default: 
                                    output.Write(ch);
                                    break;
                            }
                        } 
                        else {
                            output.Write(ch); 
                        } 
                    }
                } 
            }
        }

        internal string HtmlDecode(string value) { 
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
            { 
                return value; 
            }
 
            if(_isDefaultEncoder) {
                return WebUtility.HtmlDecode(value);
            }
 
            StringWriter writer = new StringWriter(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            HtmlDecode(value, writer); 
            return writer.ToString(); 
        }
 
        protected internal virtual void HtmlDecode(string value, TextWriter output) {
            WebUtility.HtmlDecode(value, output);
        }
 
        internal string HtmlEncode(string value) {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) 
            { 
                return value;
            } 

            if(_isDefaultEncoder) {
                return WebUtility.HtmlEncode(value);
            } 

            StringWriter writer = new StringWriter(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); 
            HtmlEncode(value, writer); 
            return writer.ToString();
        } 

        protected internal virtual void HtmlEncode(string value, TextWriter output) {
            WebUtility.HtmlEncode(value, output);
        } 

        private static unsafe int IndexOfHtmlAttributeEncodingChars(string s, int startPos) { 
            Debug.Assert(0 <= startPos && startPos <= s.Length, "0 <= startPos && startPos <= s.Length"); 
            int cch = s.Length - startPos;
            fixed (char* str = s) { 
                for (char* pch = &str[startPos]; cch > 0; pch++, cch--) {
                    char ch = *pch;
                    if (ch <= '<') {
                        switch (ch) { 
                            case '<':
                            case '"': 
                            case '\'': 
                            case '&':
                                return s.Length - cch; 
                        }
                    }
                }
            } 

            return -1; 
        } 

        internal static void InitializeOnFirstRequest() { 
            // instantiate the encoder if it hasn't already been created
            HttpEncoder encoder = _customEncoderResolver.Value;
        }
 
        private static bool IsNonAsciiByte(byte b) {
            return (b >= 0x7F || b < 0x20); 
        } 

        internal string JavaScriptStringEncode(string value) { 
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) {
                return String.Empty;
            }
 
            StringBuilder b = null;
            int startIndex = 0; 
            int count = 0; 
            for (int i = 0; i < value.Length; i++) {
                char c = value[i]; 

                // Append the unhandled characters (that do not require special treament)
                // to the string builder when special characters are detected.
                if (c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == '\"' || c == '\'' || c == '<' || c == '>' || 
                    c == '\\' || c == '\n' || c == '\b' || c == '\f' || c < ' ') {
                    if (b == null) { 
                        b = new StringBuilder(value.Length + 5); 
                    }
 
                    if (count > 0) {
                        b.Append(value, startIndex, count);
                    }
 
                    startIndex = i + 1;
                    count = 0; 
                } 

                switch (c) { 
                    case '\r':
                        b.Append("\\r");
                        break;
                    case '\t': 
                        b.Append("\\t");
                        break; 
                    case '\"': 
                        b.Append("\\\"");
                        break; 
                    case '\\':
                        b.Append("\\\\");
                        break;
                    case '\n': 
                        b.Append("\\n");
                        break; 
                    case '\b': 
                        b.Append("\\b");
                        break; 
                    case '\f':
                        b.Append("\\f");
                        break;
                    case '\'': 
                    case '>':
                    case '<': 
                        AppendCharAsUnicodeJavaScript(b, c); 
                        break;
                    default: 
                        if (c < ' ') {
                            AppendCharAsUnicodeJavaScript(b, c);
                        }
                        else { 
                            count++;
                        } 
                        break; 
                }
            } 

            if (b == null) {
                return value;
            } 

            if (count > 0) { 
                b.Append(value, startIndex, count); 
            }
 
            return b.ToString();
        }

        internal byte[] UrlDecode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count) { 
            if (!ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(bytes, offset, count)) {
                return null; 
            } 

            int decodedBytesCount = 0; 
            byte[] decodedBytes = new byte[count];

            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                int pos = offset + i; 
                byte b = bytes[pos];
 
                if (b == '+') { 
                    b = (byte)' ';
                } 
                else if (b == '%' && i < count - 2) {
                    int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 1]);
                    int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 2]);
 
                    if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0) {     // valid 2 hex chars
                        b = (byte)((h1 << 4) | h2); 
                        i += 2; 
                    }
                } 

                decodedBytes[decodedBytesCount++] = b;
            }
 
            if (decodedBytesCount < decodedBytes.Length) {
                byte[] newDecodedBytes = new byte[decodedBytesCount]; 
                Array.Copy(decodedBytes, newDecodedBytes, decodedBytesCount); 
                decodedBytes = newDecodedBytes;
            } 

            return decodedBytes;
        }
 
        internal string UrlDecode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count, Encoding encoding) {
            if (!ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(bytes, offset, count)) { 
                return null; 
            }
 
            UrlDecoder helper = new UrlDecoder(count, encoding);

            // go through the bytes collapsing %XX and %uXXXX and appending
            // each byte as byte, with exception of %uXXXX constructs that 
            // are appended as chars
 
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                int pos = offset + i;
                byte b = bytes[pos]; 

                // The code assumes that + and % cannot be in multibyte sequence

                if (b == '+') { 
                    b = (byte)' ';
                } 
                else if (b == '%' && i < count - 2) { 
                    if (bytes[pos + 1] == 'u' && i < count - 5) {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 2]); 
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 3]);
                        int h3 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 4]);
                        int h4 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 5]);
 
                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0 && h3 >= 0 && h4 >= 0) {   // valid 4 hex chars
                            char ch = (char)((h1 << 12) | (h2 << 8) | (h3 << 4) | h4); 
                            i += 5; 

                            // don't add as byte 
                            helper.AddChar(ch);
                            continue;
                        }
                    } 
                    else {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 1]); 
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt((char)bytes[pos + 2]); 

                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0) {     // valid 2 hex chars 
                            b = (byte)((h1 << 4) | h2);
                            i += 2;
                        }
                    } 
                }
 
                helper.AddByte(b); 
            }
 
            return helper.GetString();
        }

        internal string UrlDecode(string value, Encoding encoding) { 
            if (value == null) {
                return null; 
            } 

            int count = value.Length; 
            UrlDecoder helper = new UrlDecoder(count, encoding);

            // go through the string's chars collapsing %XX and %uXXXX and
            // appending each char as char, with exception of %XX constructs 
            // that are appended as bytes
 
            for (int pos = 0; pos < count; pos++) { 
                char ch = value[pos];
 
                if (ch == '+') {
                    ch = ' ';
                }
                else if (ch == '%' && pos < count - 2) { 
                    if (value[pos + 1] == 'u' && pos < count - 5) {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 2]); 
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 3]); 
                        int h3 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 4]);
                        int h4 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 5]); 

                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0 && h3 >= 0 && h4 >= 0) {   // valid 4 hex chars
                            ch = (char)((h1 << 12) | (h2 << 8) | (h3 << 4) | h4);
                            pos += 5; 

                            // only add as char 
                            helper.AddChar(ch); 
                            continue;
                        } 
                    }
                    else {
                        int h1 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 1]);
                        int h2 = HttpEncoderUtility.HexToInt(value[pos + 2]); 

                        if (h1 >= 0 && h2 >= 0) {     // valid 2 hex chars 
                            byte b = (byte)((h1 << 4) | h2); 
                            pos += 2;
 
                            // don't add as char
                            helper.AddByte(b);
                            continue;
                        } 
                    }
                } 
 
                if ((ch & 0xFF80) == 0)
                    helper.AddByte((byte)ch); // 7 bit have to go as bytes because of Unicode 
                else
                    helper.AddChar(ch);
            }
 
            return helper.GetString();
        } 
 
        internal byte[] UrlEncode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count, bool alwaysCreateNewReturnValue) {
            byte[] encoded = UrlEncode(bytes, offset, count); 

            return (alwaysCreateNewReturnValue && (encoded != null) && (encoded == bytes))
                ? (byte[])encoded.Clone()
                : encoded; 
        }
 
        protected internal virtual byte[] UrlEncode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count) { 
            if (!ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(bytes, offset, count)) {
                return null; 
            }

            int cSpaces = 0;
            int cUnsafe = 0; 

            // count them first 
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                char ch = (char)bytes[offset + i];
 
                if (ch == ' ')
                    cSpaces++;
                else if (!HttpEncoderUtility.IsUrlSafeChar(ch))
                    cUnsafe++; 
            }
 
            // nothing to expand? 
            if (cSpaces == 0 && cUnsafe == 0)
                return bytes; 

            // expand not 'safe' characters into %XX, spaces to +s
            byte[] expandedBytes = new byte[count + cUnsafe * 2];
            int pos = 0; 

            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                byte b = bytes[offset + i]; 
                char ch = (char)b;
 
                if (HttpEncoderUtility.IsUrlSafeChar(ch)) {
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = b;
                }
                else if (ch == ' ') { 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)'+';
                } 
                else { 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)'%';
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((b >> 4) & 0xf); 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex(b & 0x0f);
                }
            }
 
            return expandedBytes;
        } 
 
        //  Helper to encode the non-ASCII url characters only
        internal String UrlEncodeNonAscii(string str, Encoding e) { 
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(str))
                return str;
            if (e == null)
                e = Encoding.UTF8; 
            byte[] bytes = e.GetBytes(str);
            byte[] encodedBytes = UrlEncodeNonAscii(bytes, 0, bytes.Length, false /* alwaysCreateNewReturnValue */); 
            return Encoding.ASCII.GetString(encodedBytes); 
        }
 
        internal byte[] UrlEncodeNonAscii(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count, bool alwaysCreateNewReturnValue) {
            if (!ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(bytes, offset, count)) {
                return null;
            } 

            int cNonAscii = 0; 
 
            // count them first
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                if (IsNonAsciiByte(bytes[offset + i]))
                    cNonAscii++;
            }
 
            // nothing to expand?
            if (!alwaysCreateNewReturnValue && cNonAscii == 0) 
                return bytes; 

            // expand not 'safe' characters into %XX, spaces to +s 
            byte[] expandedBytes = new byte[count + cNonAscii * 2];
            int pos = 0;

            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { 
                byte b = bytes[offset + i];
 
                if (IsNonAsciiByte(b)) { 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)'%';
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((b >> 4) & 0xf); 
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = (byte)HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex(b & 0x0f);
                }
                else {
                    expandedBytes[pos++] = b; 
                }
            } 
 
            return expandedBytes;
        } 

        internal string UrlEncodeUnicode(string value, bool ignoreAscii) {
            if (value == null) {
                return null; 
            }
 
            int l = value.Length; 
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(l);
 
            for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) {
                char ch = value[i];

                if ((ch & 0xff80) == 0) {  // 7 bit? 
                    if (ignoreAscii || HttpEncoderUtility.IsUrlSafeChar(ch)) {
                        sb.Append(ch); 
                    } 
                    else if (ch == ' ') {
                        sb.Append('+'); 
                    }
                    else {
                        sb.Append('%');
                        sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch >> 4) & 0xf)); 
                        sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch) & 0xf));
                    } 
                } 
                else { // arbitrary Unicode?
                    sb.Append("%u"); 
                    sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch >> 12) & 0xf));
                    sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch >> 8) & 0xf));
                    sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch >> 4) & 0xf));
                    sb.Append(HttpEncoderUtility.IntToHex((ch) & 0xf)); 
                }
            } 
 
            return sb.ToString();
        } 

        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1055:UriReturnValuesShouldNotBeStrings",
            Justification = "Does not represent an entire URL, just a portion.")]
        protected internal virtual string UrlPathEncode(string value) { 
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) {
                return value; 
            } 

            // recurse in case there is a query string 
            int i = value.IndexOf('?');
            if (i >= 0)
                return UrlPathEncode(value.Substring(0, i)) + value.Substring(i);
 
            // encode DBCS characters and spaces only
            return HttpEncoderUtility.UrlEncodeSpaces(UrlEncodeNonAscii(value, Encoding.UTF8)); 
        } 

        internal byte[] UrlTokenDecode(string input) { 
            if (input == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("input");

            int len = input.Length; 
            if (len < 1)
                return new byte[0]; 
 
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 1: Calculate the number of padding chars to append to this string. 
            //         The number of padding chars to append is stored in the last char of the string.
            int numPadChars = (int)input[len - 1] - (int)'0';
            if (numPadChars < 0 || numPadChars > 10)
                return null; 

 
            /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
            // Step 2: Create array to store the chars (not including the last char)
            //          and the padding chars 
            char[] base64Chars = new char[len - 1 + numPadChars];


            //////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
            // Step 3: Copy in the chars. Transform the "-" to "+", and "*" to "/"
            for (int iter = 0; iter < len - 1; iter++) { 
                char c = input[iter]; 

                switch (c) { 
                    case '-':
                        base64Chars[iter] = '+';
                        break;
 
                    case '_':
                        base64Chars[iter] = '/'; 
                        break; 

                    default: 
                        base64Chars[iter] = c;
                        break;
                }
            } 

            //////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
            // Step 4: Add padding chars 
            for (int iter = len - 1; iter < base64Chars.Length; iter++) {
                base64Chars[iter] = '='; 
            }

            // Do the actual conversion
            return Convert.FromBase64CharArray(base64Chars, 0, base64Chars.Length); 
        }
 
        internal string UrlTokenEncode(byte[] input) { 
            if (input == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("input"); 
            if (input.Length < 1)
                return String.Empty;

            string base64Str = null; 
            int endPos = 0;
            char[] base64Chars = null; 
 
            ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 1: Do a Base64 encoding 
            base64Str = Convert.ToBase64String(input);
            if (base64Str == null)
                return null;
 
            ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 2: Find how many padding chars are present in the end 
            for (endPos = base64Str.Length; endPos > 0; endPos--) { 
                if (base64Str[endPos - 1] != '=') // Found a non-padding char!
                { 
                    break; // Stop here
                }
            }
 
            ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 3: Create char array to store all non-padding chars, 
            //      plus a char to indicate how many padding chars are needed 
            base64Chars = new char[endPos + 1];
            base64Chars[endPos] = (char)((int)'0' + base64Str.Length - endPos); // Store a char at the end, to indicate how many padding chars are needed 

            ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Step 3: Copy in the other chars. Transform the "+" to "-", and "/" to "_"
            for (int iter = 0; iter < endPos; iter++) { 
                char c = base64Str[iter];
 
                switch (c) { 
                    case '+':
                        base64Chars[iter] = '-'; 
                        break;

                    case '/':
                        base64Chars[iter] = '_'; 
                        break;
 
                    case '=': 
                        Debug.Assert(false);
                        base64Chars[iter] = c; 
                        break;

                    default:
                        base64Chars[iter] = c; 
                        break;
                } 
            } 
            return new string(base64Chars);
        } 

        private static bool ValidateUrlEncodingParameters(byte[] bytes, int offset, int count) {
            if (bytes == null && count == 0)
                return false; 
            if (bytes == null) {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("bytes"); 
            } 
            if (offset < 0 || offset > bytes.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("offset"); 
            }
            if (count < 0 || offset + count > bytes.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
            } 

            return true; 
        } 

        // Internal class to facilitate URL decoding -- keeps char buffer and byte buffer, allows appending of either chars or bytes 
        private class UrlDecoder {
            private int _bufferSize;

            // Accumulate characters in a special array 
            private int _numChars;
            private char[] _charBuffer; 
 
            // Accumulate bytes for decoding into characters in a special array
            private int _numBytes; 
            private byte[] _byteBuffer;

            // Encoding to convert chars to bytes
            private Encoding _encoding; 

            private void FlushBytes() { 
                if (_numBytes > 0) { 
                    _numChars += _encoding.GetChars(_byteBuffer, 0, _numBytes, _charBuffer, _numChars);
                    _numBytes = 0; 
                }
            }

            internal UrlDecoder(int bufferSize, Encoding encoding) { 
                _bufferSize = bufferSize;
                _encoding = encoding; 
 
                _charBuffer = new char[bufferSize];
                // byte buffer created on demand 
            }

            internal void AddChar(char ch) {
                if (_numBytes > 0) 
                    FlushBytes();
 
                _charBuffer[_numChars++] = ch; 
            }
 
            internal void AddByte(byte b) {
                // if there are no pending bytes treat 7 bit bytes as characters
                // this optimization is temp disable as it doesn't work for some encodings
                /* 
                                if (_numBytes == 0 && ((b & 0x80) == 0)) {
                                    AddChar((char)b); 
                                } 
                                else
                */ 
                {
                    if (_byteBuffer == null)
                        _byteBuffer = new byte[_bufferSize];
 
                    _byteBuffer[_numBytes++] = b;
                } 
            } 

            internal String GetString() { 
                if (_numBytes > 0)
                    FlushBytes();

                if (_numChars > 0) 
                    return new String(_charBuffer, 0, _numChars);
                else 
                    return String.Empty; 
            }
        } 

    }
}

// File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.

                        

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